Investigations in colloidal phenol

In making some experiments with various colloids it was noticed that phenol and water seemingly formed a colloid, so it was deemed advisable to experiment farther and see if this fact could be established. The references on this subject vary widely and for this reason some of them are given here. Ostwald recognised [sic] the colloid state of a phenol-water mixture at the critical temperature but evidently failed to see the possibility of the phenol-water colloid at all temperatures. In the following article I will try to show that the phenol-water mixture forms a colloid, not only at the critical temperature, but at all temperatures and in all concentrations --Introduction, page 3

The Undergraduate Courses in Religion at the Tax-Supported Colleges & Universities of America

Analysis of survey conducted by Millar Burrows regarding religious courses at public universities

Reducing carbon emissions in aquaculture: Using Carbon Disclosures to identify unbalanced mitigation strategies

The production of Scottish Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) involves a global supply chain with greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted at every step. With the UK government setting a net zero target by 2050, and the Scottish Government having committed to achieving net zero by 2045, the Scottish salmon aquaculture sector now needs to start to develop and implement comprehensive emissions reductions measures. The methods demonstrated here and the identified imbalances in carbon emissions mitigation strategies provide a route to support this process. We use two international aquaculture operators in Scotland, Grieg Seafood and Mowi, as case studies to understand the scale of GHG emissions in the industry, how these compare to mitigation strategies, and where reduction efforts should be focused. Environmental data disclosed to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), which includes in-depth breakdowns of GHG emissions in Scope 1, Scope 2 and Scope 3 categories were used for the first time in this comparison. This was contrasted with interview data from academics, industry experts and NGOs to identify routes to the most effective mitigation and reduction strategy. CDP data successfully identify imbalances between GHG emissions and mitigation strategies, and demonstrate that while Scope 1 emissions in Scottish aquaculture operations are high compared to other countries, Scope 3 emissions represent the majority of emissions. In terms of mitigation, Scope 1 and Scope 2 strategies are adequate, but Scope 3 mitigation strategies do not match the scale of emissions, identifying a potential route for future carbon emission reductions

The problem of polarization: An approach based on the writings of G.C. Berkouwer

This study is concerned with the problem of polarization. This problem is approached from a perspective developed from a detailed study of the writings of G. C. Berkouwer. Following an introductory preface which provides an overview of the entire study, Chapter One sets the problem of polarization in the context of Berkouwer's historical background - (1) the Reformation era(Calvin and Arminius); and (2) the post-Reformation development(pietism and scholasticism). Special emphasis is placed on Berkouwer's concern to avoid the twin pitfalls of objectivism and subjectivism. This emphasis is developed further in Chapter Two where the problem of polarization is viewed in relation to four of Berkouwer's central concerns - (1) the subject-abject dichotomy; (2) the nature of language; (3) the heteronomy-autonomy dilemma;- and (4) anthropology. Chapters Three to Five approach the problem of polarization from a perspective, developed in Chapter Three, which emphasizes the integral unity of the doctrine of revelation in its creational, incarnational, biblical, proclamatory and pneumatological aspects. Chapter Four contains a critical analysis of three theological tendencies which, in the author's view, tend to increase polarization because of a common tendency towards theological rationalism -(1) deism; (2) biblicism; (3) christomonism. Chapter Five contains a constructive approach to three intellectual disciplines in which the effects of polarization are often felt - (1) philosophy; (2) biblical criticism; and (3) science. Guided by the statement - The message of God's, grace is to be communicated by the church of Jesus Christ to the whole man Chapters Six to Eight discuss the problem of polarisation in relation to Christian communication. Chapter Six is concerned with the doctrine of grace, seeking to understand the concept of predestination in its 'pre' and 'destination' aspects with particular emphasis on the significance of the present proclamation. Chapter Seven is concerned with the doctrine of the church, focusing special attention on Berkouwer's approach to tensions within a single denomination, within Protestantism, between Protestantism and non-Reformed churches and between the church and the world. Chapter Eight is concerned with the doctrine of the whole man, drawing attention to the significance of apologetics and social concern within, the full context of the church's calling to communicate the gospel of grace to the whole man

Bridging the Technology Readiness "Valley of Death" Utilizing Nanosats

Incorporating new technology is a hallmark of space missions. Missions demand ever-improving tools and techniques to allow them to meet the mission science requirements. In Earth Science, these technologies are normally expressed in new instrument capabilities that can enable new measurement concepts, extended capabilities of existing measurement techniques, or totally new detection capabilities, and also, information systems technologies that can enhance data analysis or enable new data analyses to advance modeling and prediction capabilities. Incorporating new technologies has never been easy. There is a large development step beyond demonstration in a laboratory or on an airborne platform to the eventual space environment that is sometimes referred to as the "technology valley of death." Studies have shown that non-validated technology is a primary cause of NASA and DoD mission delays and cost overruns. With the demise of the New Millennium Program within NASA, opportunities for demonstrating technologies in space have been rare. Many technologies are suitable for a flight project after only ground testing. However, some require validation in a relevant or a space flight environment, which cannot be fully tested on the ground or in airborne systems. NASA's Earth Science Technology Program has initiated a nimble program to provide a fairly rapid turn-around of space validated technologies, and thereby reducing future mission risk in incorporating new technologies. The program, called In-Space Validation of Earth Science Technology (InVEST), now has five tasks in development. Each are 3U CubeSats and they are targeted for launch opportunities in the 2016 time period. Prior to formalizing an InVEST program, the technology program office was asked to demonstrate how the program would work and what sort of technologies could benefit from space validation. Three projects were developed and launched, and have demonstrated the technologies that they set out to validate. This paper will provide a brief status of the pre-InVEST CubeSats, and discuss the development and status of the InVEST program. Figur

Revised COGNOSAG guidelines for gene nomenclature in ruminants 1998

International audienc

Rituximab in autoimmune connective tissue disease–associated interstitial lung disease

Objective. CTD-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD) often fails to respond to conventional immunomodulatory agents. There is now considerable interest in the use of rituximab in systemic autoimmune CTD in patients refractory to standard treatments. The aim of this study was to review the experience of North Bristol NHS Trust managing patients with CTD-associated ILD with rituximab and explore possible associations with treatment response. Methods. We conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients who received rituximab under the Bristol CTD-ILD service, having failed to respond to other immunomodulatory treatments. Results were collated for pulmonary function and radiological outcomes before and after treatment. Results. Twenty-four patients were treated with rituximab. Their physiological parameters had failed to improve despite other immunomodulatory agents, with a mean change in forced vital capacity (FVC) prior to therapy of − 3.3% (95% CI − 5.6, −1.1) and mean change in diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide of − 4.3% (95% CI − 7.7, −0.9). After rituximab, radiology remained stable or improved for 11 patients, while worsening was observed in 9 patients. The decline in FVC was halted following treatment, with a mean change of + 4.1% (95% CI 0.9, 7.2), while diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide was stable [mean change +2.1% (95% CI − 1.0, 5.2)]. Patients with myositis overlap or antisynthetase syndrome appeared to respond well to treatment, with four patients showing clinically significant improvement in FVC >10%. Conclusion. Rituximab is a therapeutic option in treatment-refractory CTD-associated ILD. Some disease subgroups may respond better than others, however, more work is needed to define its role in managing these patients

The initiation and evolution of the River Nile

This work was funded by a NERC Open CASE PhD studentship award NE/I018433/1, the NERC Isotope Geoscience Facilities Steering Committee (IP-1248-0511, IP-1299-0512), and BP Egypt who we also thank for provision of samples and assistance in Egypt. We thank C. Stewart, V. Pashley and N. Roberts at NIGL for valuable laboratory assistance. This paper benefited from careful reviews by D. Chew and an anonymous reviewer.Peer reviewedPublisher PD