Conceptual Metaphors as Methods of World Explanation

This article covers conceptual metaphor studies and explains how metaphors influence on our world-perception. It describes three types of conceptual metaphors according to George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's theory: orientational, ontological and structural. Examples, taken from the book «A beautiful Mind» by Sylvia Nasar, illustrate main metaphorical concepts.В статье рассматривается концептуальная метафора, её функционирование в языке и роль в формировании картины мира. Приводятся и анализируются примеры разных видов метафор из книги «Прекрасный разум» Сильвии Назар

KD5170, a novel mercaptoketone-based histone deacetylase inhibitor that exhibits broad spectrum antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo

Abstract Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have garnered significant attention as cancer drugs. These therapeutic agents have recently been clinically validated with the market approval of vorinostat (SAHA, Zolinza) for treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Like vorinostat, most of the small-molecule HDAC inhibitors in clinical development are hydroxamic acids, whose inhibitory activity stems from their ability to coordinate the catalytic Zn 2+ in the active site of HDACs. We sought to identify novel, nonhydroxamate-based HDAC inhibitors with potentially distinct pharmaceutical properties via an ultra-high throughput small molecule biochemical screen against the HDAC activity in a HeLa cell nuclear extract. An A-mercaptoketone series was identified and chemically optimized. The lead compound, KD5170, exhibits HDAC inhibitory activity with an IC 50 of 0.045 Mmol/L in the screening biochemical assay and an EC 50 of 0.025 Mmol/L in HeLa cell -based assays that monitor histone H3 acetylation. KD5170 also exhibits broad spectrum classe

Characteristics of Adults in the Hepatitis B Research Network in North America Reflect Their Country of Origin and Hepatitis B Virus Genotype

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an important cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide; populations that migrate to the US and Canada might be disproportionately affected. The Hepatitis B Research Network (HBRN) is a cooperative network of investigators from the United States and Canada, created to facilitate clinical, therapeutic, and translational research in adults and children with hepatitis B. We describe the structure of the network and baseline characteristics of adults with hepatitis B enrolled in the network

Encapsulation of caffeine in polysaccharide oil-core nanocapsules

Nanoemulsion droplets stabilized with a polysaccharide multilayer film were used as carriers for caffeine. Multilayered shells were formed through a subsequent layer-by-layer adsorption of oppositely charged chitosan and alginate (sodium salt) onto emulsion droplets or oil-core nanocapsules at low ionic strength. The hydrophilic positively charged molecules of the drug were impregnated into the film after each alginate layer. The experimental results showed dependence of the encapsulation efficiency of caffeine on the number of the adsorbed polymer layers and on the properties of chitosan used for formation of the film (molecular weight and degree of acetylation). Despite the low encapsulation efficiency of the drug into the capsules (~ 40%) compared with other encapsulation systems, the amount loaded into the film was high enough and pharmacological doses were achieved with very small volumes of the dispersion

Electrokinetic behavoir of chitosan adsorbed on o/w nanoemulsion droplets

Chitosans with different molecular weight and degree of acetylation (DA) were adsorbed onto lecithin stabilized nanoemulsion droplets at pH ∼4.7. The electrokinetic properties of the nanoemulsion were investigated by using dynamic light scattering. According to the experimental data, the isoelectric point (IEP) of the droplets in the suspension at the presence of oppositely charged chitosan, does not depend on the polyelectrolyte molecular weight (when DA of chitosan is lower than 32%). Due to the high charge density of these polymer chains and low surface charge density of the lecithin stabilized droplets, the chitosan molecules retain part of the condensed counterions upon the adsorption process. Thus, the registered electrophoretic mobility corresponding to the “effective”, and not “real”, the electrokinetic charge of the droplets covered by a polymer layer. The stability behavior of the nanoemulsion in the presence of chitosan with lower charge density is different, and the IEP and stabilization of the system are achieved at higher polymer concentration. The coincidence in the polyelectrolyte concentration corresponding to IEP and minimum stability of the nanoemulsion against coagulation agrees with the notion that the electrostatic interactions are predominant in the coating layer formation. In spite of the similar electrokinetic behavior of the droplets covered with chitosan with low DA and different molecular weight, the polymers have different biological activity which might be results from different charge density of the molecules. In the present study, we show that the electrical polarizability is a complex parameter that can allow to more detailed characterization of the electrical properties of the chitosan

Psychological Diagnostics in Higher Education of Future Managers in the Modern Stage of Professional Education Development

The article proves the significant role of developing professional education. Training of specialists in higher educational institution caused by features of students’ Unified State Examination results demands additional conditions. These additional conditions are considered in updating of psychological diagnostics in higher educational institution for the purpose of identification and development of specific students’ features, professionally significant for the future profession

Dynamics and heterogeneity of Pb(II) binding by SiO 2 nanoparticles in an aqueous dispersion

ABSTRACT: Pb(II) binding by SiO2 nanoparticles in an aqueous dispersion was investigated under conditions where the concentrations of Pb2þ ions and nanoparticles are of similar magnitude. Conditional stability constants (log K) obtained at different values of pH and ionic strength varied from 4.4 at pH 5.5 and I = 0.1Mto 6.4 at pH 6.5 and I = 0.0015 M. In the range of metal to nanoparticle ratios from 1.6 to 0.3, log K strongly increases, which is shown to be due to heterogeneity in Pb(II) binding. For an ionic strength of 0.1 M the Pb2þ/SiO2 nanoparticle system is labile, whereas for lower ionic strengths there is loss of lability with increasing pH and decreasing ionic strength. Theoretical calculations on the basis of Eigen-type complex formation kinetics seem to support the loss of lability. This is related to the nanoparticulate nature of the system, where complexation rate constants become increasingly diffusion controlled. The ion binding heterogeneity and chemodynamics of oxidic nanoparticles clearly need further detailed research