Variability of ricin content in mature seeds of castor bean

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a concentração de ricina em sementes de mamona (Ricinus communis L.) de 20 acessos do Banco de Germoplasma de Mamoneira da Embrapa Algodão, por meio de ensaio imunoabsorvente de ligação de enzimas. Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os acessos. O BRA 3271 apresentou a maior concentração de ricina nas sementes (32,18 ng mg-1), e o BRS Paraguaçu a menor (3,53 ng mg-1). Há possibilidade de seleção de genótipos com diferentes concentrações de ricina, que poderão ser utilizados dependendo do interesse dos programas de melhoramento.The objective of this work was to evaluate ricin concentration in castor bean seeds (Ricinus communis) of 20 accessions from the Banco de Germoplasma de Mamoneira of the Embrapa Algodão, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil, using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Significant differences were observed among accessions. BRA 3271 had the highest ricin concentration in seeds (32.18 ng mg-1), and BRS Paraguaçu had the lowest (3.53 ng mg-1). There is the possibility of selecting genotypes with different ricin concentrations, which can be used according on the interest of the breeding programs

Genetic divergence on castor bean accesses and cultivars through multivariate analysis

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a divergência genética entre acessos e cultivares de mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.) e utilizá-la como critério na escolha de genitores que viabilizem, a partir de hibridações, a formação de populações segregantes. Os tratamentos foram representados pelos acessos BRA 4871, BRA 2968, BRA 5550 e BRA 7722 Papo-de-gia, e as cultivares BRS 188 Paraguaçu, BRS 149 Nordestina, IAC-80, Mirante-10 e Pernambucana Melhorada. As características analisadas foram: início do florescimento (FR), número de racemos por planta (NRP), comprimento efetivo do racemo primário (CR), altura de planta (AP), potencial produtivo (PP) e teor de óleo nas sementes (TO). A divergência genética foi estimada por meio de estatística multivariada, com base em variáveis canônicas e análise de agrupamento, tendo-se empregado a distância euclidiana média. Houve a formação de dois grupos: o grupo I formado por oito genótipos e o grupo II por apenas um genótipo, a cultivar Mirante-10. Apesar de a cultivar Mirante-10 ter sido a mais divergente, não deve ser recomendada para hibridação, por sua baixa média de desempenho. As demais cultivares também apresentam restrições para hibridação, por serem bastante similares. As variáveis que mais contribuíram para a divergência genética foram FR, AP, TO e CR.This work aimed to evaluate genetic divergence among castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) cultivars, in order to enable the choice of parents which make the formation of segregating populations possible. Accesses BRA 4871, BRA 2968, BRA 5550 and BRA 7722 Papo-de-gia, and cultivars BRS 188 Paraguaçu, BRS 149 Nordestina, IAC-80, Mirante-10 and Pernambucana Melhorada were evaluated. Characteristics analyzed were: days to flowering, number of racemes per plant, length of pistillate region of main raceme, plant height, potential yield, and seed oil content. The genetic divergence among accesses and cultivars was studied by multivariate analysis techniques, with canonical variables and cluster analysis, making use of mean euclidean distance. Two groups were formed: group I, formed by eight genotypes; and group II, formed by one genotype, cultivar Mirante-10. In spite of being the more divergent, cultivar Mirante-10 should not be recommended for hybridization due to its low medium performance. The other cultivars also presented restrictions, as they were quite similar. The variables that more contributed to the genetic divergence were: days to flowering, length of pistillate region of main raceme, plant height, and seed oil content

Estimativas de parâmetros genéticos em famílias de meios-irmãos do composto arquitetura de milho (Zea mays L.) em três densidades de semeadura

Avaliaram-se 300 progênies de meios-irmãos do Composto de milho (Zea mays L.) Arquitetura, braquítico e sem ligula, em três densidades de semeadura: 55.000, 62.500 e 71.000 plantas/ha. As características analisadas foram produtividade (kg de espigas/ha), altura de planta (cm) e acamamento (%). Todas as caracteristicas estudadas mostraram-se significativas a 1% de probabilidade pelo teste F, exceto acamamento na menor densidade. Os valores encontrados para herdabilidade para altura de planta apresentaram-se superiores a 60% para herdabilidade média. O acamamento mostrou ser uma característica de alta variação ambiental, pelos altos valores de coeííciente de variação experimental. A produtividade aumentou 15,4% da menor para a maior densidade. A estimativa da herdabilidade do caráter produtividade cresceu com o aumento da densidade de plantas por área.Estimates of genetic variance and coefficient of heritability were determined for yield, plant height and lodging, by using one composite of maize with modified architecture in three sow densities: 55,000, 62,000 and 71,000 plants/hectare. All the characteristics studied were significant at 1% level by the “F” test, except lodging. Yield rose 154% from the lowest to the highest density, the same ocurring with the heritability values. Lodging showed not to be easy to improve because of the high experimental variation coefhcient value observed, as opposed to plant height

Divergência genética entre acessos e cultivares de mamoneira por meio de estatística multivariada Genetic divergence on castor bean accesses and cultivars through multivariate analysis

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a divergência genética entre acessos e cultivares de mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.) e utilizá-la como critério na escolha de genitores que viabilizem, a partir de hibridações, a formação de populações segregantes. Os tratamentos foram representados pelos acessos BRA 4871, BRA 2968, BRA 5550 e BRA 7722 Papo-de-gia, e as cultivares BRS 188 Paraguaçu, BRS 149 Nordestina, IAC-80, Mirante-10 e Pernambucana Melhorada. As características analisadas foram: início do florescimento (FR), número de racemos por planta (NRP), comprimento efetivo do racemo primário (CR), altura de planta (AP), potencial produtivo (PP) e teor de óleo nas sementes (TO). A divergência genética foi estimada por meio de estatística multivariada, com base em variáveis canônicas e análise de agrupamento, tendo-se empregado a distância euclidiana média. Houve a formação de dois grupos: o grupo I formado por oito genótipos e o grupo II por apenas um genótipo, a cultivar Mirante-10. Apesar de a cultivar Mirante-10 ter sido a mais divergente, não deve ser recomendada para hibridação, por sua baixa média de desempenho. As demais cultivares também apresentam restrições para hibridação, por serem bastante similares. As variáveis que mais contribuíram para a divergência genética foram FR, AP, TO e CR.<br>This work aimed to evaluate genetic divergence among castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) cultivars, in order to enable the choice of parents which make the formation of segregating populations possible. Accesses BRA 4871, BRA 2968, BRA 5550 and BRA 7722 Papo-de-gia, and cultivars BRS 188 Paraguaçu, BRS 149 Nordestina, IAC-80, Mirante-10 and Pernambucana Melhorada were evaluated. Characteristics analyzed were: days to flowering, number of racemes per plant, length of pistillate region of main raceme, plant height, potential yield, and seed oil content. The genetic divergence among accesses and cultivars was studied by multivariate analysis techniques, with canonical variables and cluster analysis, making use of mean euclidean distance. Two groups were formed: group I, formed by eight genotypes; and group II, formed by one genotype, cultivar Mirante-10. In spite of being the more divergent, cultivar Mirante-10 should not be recommended for hybridization due to its low medium performance. The other cultivars also presented restrictions, as they were quite similar. The variables that more contributed to the genetic divergence were: days to flowering, length of pistillate region of main raceme, plant height, and seed oil content

Non-Destructive NIR Spectrometric Cultivar Discrimination of Castor Seeds Resulting from Breeding Programs

This article proposes a near-infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance spectrometric method for non-destructive discrimination of castor seeds from the two cultivars most commonly employed in Brazilian plantations (BRS Nordestina and BRS Paraguaçu). For this purpose, two classification techniques are compared, namely SIMCA (soft independent modelling of class analogies) and PLS-DA (partial least squares discriminant analysis). By applying the SIMCA classifier to a test set comprising 150 seeds, the BRS Nordestina and BRS Paraguaçu class models yielded sensitivity/specificity values of 0.91/0.99 and 0.71/1.00, respectively. Better results were obtained by using PLS-DA, which correctly classified all test samples, i.e., yielded sensitivity and specificity values of 1.00. These findings suggest that the proposed method is a promising approach to identify castor seed genotypes, either in seed lots or for breeding purposes, prior to being planted

A Review on the Challenges for Increased Production of Castor

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is one of the oldest cultivated crops, but currently it represents only 0.15% of the vegetable oil produced in the world. Castor oil is of continuing importance to the global specialty chemical industry because it is the only commercial source of a hydroxylated fatty acid. Castor also has tremendous future potential as an industrial oilseed crop because of its high seed oil content (more than 480 g kg(-1)), unique fatty acid composition (900 g kg(-1) of ricinoleic acid), potentially high oil yields (1250-2500 L ha(-1)), and ability to be grown under drought and saline conditions. The scientific literature on castor has been generated by a relatively small global community of researchers over the past century. Much of this work was published in dozens of languages in journals that are not easily accessible to the scientific community. This review was conducted to provide a compilation of the most relevant historic research information and define the tremendous future potential of castor. The article was prepared by a group of 22 scientists from 16 institutions and eight countries. Topics discussed in this review include: (i) germplasm, genetics, breeding, biotic stresses, genome sequencing, and biotechnology; (ii) agronomic production practices, diseases, and abiotic stresses; (iii) management and reduction of toxins for the use of castor meal as both an animal feed and an organic fertilizer; (iv) future industrial uses of castor including renewable fuels; (v) world production, consumption, and prices; and (vi) potential and challenges for increased castor production