16 research outputs found
Addressing climate change with behavioral science: a global intervention tournament in 63 countries
Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventionsâ effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behaviorâseveral interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on peopleâs initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors
The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2
Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase 1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age 6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score 652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N = 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in Asia and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701
Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Allylic Boronates Bearing a Trisubstituted Alkenyl Fluoride and Related Derivatives
The first catalytic method for diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of allylic boronates bearing a Z-trisubstituted alkenyl fluoride is disclosed. Boryl substitution is performed with either a Z- or E-allyldifluoride and is catalyzed by bisphosphine/Cu complexes, affording products in up to 99 % yield with >98:2 Z/E selectivity and 99:1 enantiomeric ratio. A variety of subsequent modifications are feasible, and notable examples are diastereoselective additions to aldehydes/aldimines to access homoallylic alcohols/amines containing a fluorosubstituted stereogenic quaternary center
Pentacoordinate Ruthenium(II) Catecholthiolate and Mercaptophenolate Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis: Anionic Ligand Exchange and Ease of Initiation
The investigations
disclosed offer insight regarding several key
features of Ru-based catecholthiolate olefin metathesis catalysts.
Factors influencing the facility with which the two anionic ligands
undergo exchange and those that affect the rates of catalyst release
are elucidated by examination of more than a dozen new complexes.
These studies shed light on how different chelating groups can influence
RuâS bond strength and, as a result, the facility of catecholthiolate
rotation. The trans influence series ether < ester â iodide < amine â thioether
â olefin < isonitrile â phosphite has been established
through X-ray structural analysis and shown to correlate well with
the barrier for catecholthiolate rotation (trans effect) determined
by variable-temperature NMR experiments and computational studies
(DFT). It is found that, apart from electronic factors, chelate geometry
has a more notable effect on the rate of catalyst release (five- vs
six-membered chelate ring and mono- vs bidentate ligand). Polytopal
processes involving pentacoordinate RuÂ(II) carbene complexes are shown
to be distinct from previously reported fluxional events that involve
tetracoordinate species and which are capable of causing diminished
polymer syndiotacticity. Ru mercaptophenolate complexes have been
synthesized and isolated as a single diastereomer (OâC trans
to the NHC). This latter set of species promotes representative olefin
metathesis reactions readily and gives <i>Z</i> selectivity
levels that are higher than those when the corresponding catecholate
systems are used, but less so in comparison to catecholthiolate complexes.
A rationale for variations in stereoselectivity is presented
Pentacoordinate Ruthenium(II) Catecholthiolate and Mercaptophenolate Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis: Anionic Ligand Exchange and Ease of Initiation
The investigations
disclosed offer insight regarding several key
features of Ru-based catecholthiolate olefin metathesis catalysts.
Factors influencing the facility with which the two anionic ligands
undergo exchange and those that affect the rates of catalyst release
are elucidated by examination of more than a dozen new complexes.
These studies shed light on how different chelating groups can influence
RuâS bond strength and, as a result, the facility of catecholthiolate
rotation. The trans influence series ether < ester â iodide < amine â thioether
â olefin < isonitrile â phosphite has been established
through X-ray structural analysis and shown to correlate well with
the barrier for catecholthiolate rotation (trans effect) determined
by variable-temperature NMR experiments and computational studies
(DFT). It is found that, apart from electronic factors, chelate geometry
has a more notable effect on the rate of catalyst release (five- vs
six-membered chelate ring and mono- vs bidentate ligand). Polytopal
processes involving pentacoordinate RuÂ(II) carbene complexes are shown
to be distinct from previously reported fluxional events that involve
tetracoordinate species and which are capable of causing diminished
polymer syndiotacticity. Ru mercaptophenolate complexes have been
synthesized and isolated as a single diastereomer (OâC trans
to the NHC). This latter set of species promotes representative olefin
metathesis reactions readily and gives <i>Z</i> selectivity
levels that are higher than those when the corresponding catecholate
systems are used, but less so in comparison to catecholthiolate complexes.
A rationale for variations in stereoselectivity is presented
Addressing climate change with behavioral science: A global intervention tournament in 63 countries
International audienceEffectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventionsâ effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behaviorâseveral interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on peopleâs initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors
Addressing climate change with behavioral science::A global intervention tournament in 63 countries
Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventionsâ effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behaviorâseveral interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on peopleâs initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors
Addressing climate change with behavioral science: A global intervention tournament in 63 countries
Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventionsâ effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behaviorâseveral interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on peopleâs initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors