El derecho humano a la ciencia: Un viejo derecho con un gran futuro

When we talk about the human right to science, many may think that we are speaking about a new right, recently created to face the challenges that science and technology generate in our society of the 21st century. However, the right to science is already enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966). We can find it even earlier in the inter-American regional system, particularly, in the Charter of the Organization of American States (1948) and in the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (1948). Few know that, in fact, the Latin American countries in general and Chile in particular played a crucial role in the universal recognition of this right. The first part of the article explains the history of the right to science and its international legal recognition. In a second chapter, we will study its current institutional situation within the United Nations and, finally, in the third chapter, we will analyze the characteristics of this right, its normative content, elements and type of obligations that it creates.Cuando hablamos del derecho humano a la ciencia se puede pensar que nos referimos a un derecho nuevo, creado recientemente para hacer frente a los desafíos que la ciencia y la tecnología generan en nuestra sociedad del siglo XXI. Sin embargo, el derecho a la ciencia es un derecho ya recogido en la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos de 1948 y en el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales de 1966. Lo podemos encontrar incluso antes, en el sistema regional interamericano, en particular, en la Carta de la Organización de los Estados Americanos y en la Declaración Americana de Derechos y Deberes del Hombre. Pocos saben que, de hecho, los países lationamericanos, en general, y Chile, muy en particular, tuvieron un papel crucial en el reconocimiento universal de este derecho. La primera parte del artículo está dedica a explicar la historia de este derecho y su reconocimiento jurídico internacional. En una segunda parte estudiaremos su situación institucional actual en el ámbito de las Naciones Unidas y, finalmente, en la tercera parte indagaremos en las características de este derecho, su contenido normativo, elementos y tipo de obligaciones que crea

Effect of Post-Processing Treatment on Fatigue Performance of Ti6Al4V Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Fatigue properties of parts are of particular concern for safety-critical structures. It is well-known that discontinuities in shape or non-uniformities in materials are frequently a potential nucleus of fatigue failure. This is especially crucial for the Ti6Al4V alloy, which presents high susceptibility to the notch effect. This study investigates how post-processing treatments affect the mechanical performance of Ti6Al4V samples manufactured by laser powder bed fusion technology. All the fatigue samples were subjected to a HIP cycle and post-processed by machining and using combinations of alternative mechanical and electrochemical surface treatments. The relationship between surface properties such as roughness, topography and residual stresses with fatigue performance was assessed. Compressive residual stresses were introduced in all surface-treated samples, and after tribofinishing, roughness was reduced to 0.31 ± 0.10 µm, which was found to be the most critical factor. Fractures occurred on the surface as HIP removed critical internal defects. The irregularities found in the form of cavities or pits were stress concentrators that initiated cracks. It was concluded that machined surfaces presented a fatigue behavior comparable to wrought material, offering a fatigue limit superior to 450 MPa. Additionally, alternative surface treatments showed a fatigue behavior equivalent to the casting material.This research was funded by the Departamento de Desarrollo Económico, Sostenibilidad y Medio Ambiente of the Basque Government (ELKARTEK 2022 KK-2022/00070), by the Departamento de Desarrollo Económico y Competitividad of the Basque Government (ELKARTEK 2019 KK-2019/00077) and by the European Union (project TIFAN, JTI-CS-2013-1-ECO-01-066)

El derecho humano a la ciencia: Un viejo derecho con un gran futuro

When we talk about the human right to science, many may think that we are speaking about a new right, recently created to face the challenges that science and technology generate in our society of the 21st century. However, the right to science is already enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966). We can find it even earlier in the inter-American regional system, particularly, in the Charter of the Organization of American States (1948) and in the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (1948). Few know that, in fact, the Latin American countries in general and Chile in particular played a crucial role in the universal recognition of this right. The first part of the article explains the history of the right to science and its international legal recognition. In a second chapter, we will study its current institutional situation within the United Nations and, finally, in the third chapter, we will analyze the characteristics of this right, its normative content, elements and type of obligations that it creates.Cuando hablamos del derecho humano a la ciencia se puede pensar que nos referimos a un derecho nuevo, creado recientemente para hacer frente a los desafíos que la ciencia y la tecnología generan en nuestra sociedad del siglo XXI. Sin embargo, el derecho a la ciencia es un derecho ya recogido en la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos de 1948 y en el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales de 1966. Lo podemos encontrar incluso antes, en el sistema regional interamericano, en particular, en la Carta de la Organización de los Estados Americanos y en la Declaración Americana de Derechos y Deberes del Hombre. Pocos saben que, de hecho, los países lationamericanos, en general, y Chile, muy en particular, tuvieron un papel crucial en el reconocimiento universal de este derecho. La primera parte del artículo está dedica a explicar la historia de este derecho y su reconocimiento jurídico internacional. En una segunda parte estudiaremos su situación institucional actual en el ámbito de las Naciones Unidas y, finalmente, en la tercera parte indagaremos en las características de este derecho, su contenido normativo, elementos y tipo de obligaciones que crea

Declaración de Luarca sobre el Derecho Humano a la Paz

Postprint (published version

Clinical characteristics, health care resource utilization and direct medical costs of Rotavirus hospitalizations in Spain (2013-2018).

Rotavirus (RV) is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis (GE) in infants and young children worldwide and is associated with a significant clinical and economic burden. The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics, healthcare resource utilization and the direct medical costs related to RVGE hospitalizations in Spain. An observational, multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2013 to May 2018 at the pediatric departments of 12 hospitals from different Spanish regions. Children under 5 years of age admitted to the hospital with a confirmed diagnosis of RVGE were selected. Data on clinical characteristics, healthcare resource use and costs were collected from patient records and hospital databases. Most children hospitalized for RVGE did not have any previous medical condition or chronic disease. Forty-seven percent had previously visited the Emergency Room (ER), 27% had visited a primary care pediatrician, and 15% had received pharmacological treatment prior to hospital admission due to an RVGE episode. The average length of a hospital stay for RVGE was 5.6 days, and the mean medical costs of RVGE hospitalizations per episode ranged from 3,940€ to 4,100€. The highest direct medical cost was due to the hospital stay. This study showed a high burden of health resource utilization and costs related to the management of cases of RVGE requiring hospitalization. RV vaccination with high coverage rates should be considered to minimize the clinical and economic impacts of this disease on the health-care system