Proportional ratios and geometrical setups for achieving the floating effect of architectonic structures

Kontinuitet ideje "lebdećih" arhitektonskih objekata, postojao je kroz čitavo razdoblje razvoja civilizacije. U ovom radu istražuje se ideja "lebdećih" prostornih struktura kroz povijesne primjere u različitim arhitektonskim stilovima. Razlozi takvog formalnog oblikovanja su od utilitarnih, do apstraktnih i estetskih. Kroz analizu kontinuiteta ideje i oblikovne pojavnosti spomenutih objekata dolazi se i do načina postizanja efekta i klasifikacije koja iz njih proizlazi. U ovom radu je postizanje efekta lebdenja arhitektonskih objekata analizirano s aspekta proporcijskih odnosa i geometrijskih postavki u procesu projektiranja.In the entire period of development of human civilization, there has been a continuity of the concept of "hovering" architectonic structures. This paper deals with discovering the idea of "hover" structures in numerous historical examples and in various architectural styles. The reasons of such formal shaping are utilitarian, but also conceptual and esthetic. Through an analysis of the continuity of the idea and formal appearance of the mentioned structures, the methods of achieving the effect can be defined and classification resulting from them made. In this paper, the achievement of the floating effect of architectonic structures has been analyzed from the aspect of ratios and geometrical setups in design process

Characterization of glass ionomer cements stored in various solutions

The aim of this work was to evaluate the nano-mechanical properties of glass ionomer materials, the ion concentrations at the surfaces in relation to the storage media and the pH environments using a scanning electron microscope with an energy-dispersive spectrometer (SEM/EDX). the glass-ionomer-based materials, Fuji Triage (FT), Fuji VIII (FVIII). Fuji IX GP (FIX), were analyzed. The sample comprised 45 cured cement disks. Five specimens of each tested material were placed in 3 storage solutions (saline, acidic solution with pH of 5.5, NaF solution with 0.05 % of fluoride). Nano-indentations were performed with a force up to 30 mN, penetration depths of 2500-2700 nm for 1 d and 21 d after setting. The EDX evaluation was carried out for each experimental disk, identifying the ions: O, Al, Sr, Si, F,Na, P, Ca. The level of significance was placed at p lt 0.05.The highest fluoride proportion at the specimen surface was recorded in the FT material. FT also exhibited the lowest fluoride ions content when stored in low-pH environments compared with the other tested materials (p lt 0.05). The surface hardness of the tested materials decreased from 1.377 GPa (in saline) to 0.03 GPa (in acid). The Young's modulus varied from 14.35 GPa to 0.112 GPa, depending on the material type (Fuji VIII>Fuji IX>FT) (p lt 0.001) and the storage media (p lt 0.001). Both the mechanical and cariostatic surface properties of commercially available glass ionomer materials are affected by the storage media

Stojan Novaković and his Era

Stojan Novaković (1842–1915) presented spiritual climate and political trends in Serbia in the second half of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century in the best manner with his scientific opus and high ethical attitude while performing state and diplomatic activities. He is an author of numerous articles in the field of historiography and philology having permanent value, but also of testimonies having political and memoiristic contents being precious for the understanding of phenomena of that time, full of warnings about the need to overcome mutual division of the Serbs before the dangers threatening from the external enemy. By studying the ambience of Serbian medieval countries he drew attention to the trends that, as he used to claim, must not be repeated, which was once more confirmed in the statements given in his writings dedicated to the birth of the Serbian modern state. Fruitful historiographic activities related to the understanding of the Serbian past presented an extraordinary basis for his state and diplomatic actions. Novaković was creator of entire political programme of Serbia of the 1880s that was focused on the liberation and unification of all regions inhabited by the Serbian people. As a politician, he was one of the founders and leaders of Progressive Party, Minister of Education in several governments and creator of several educational laws. As for diplomacy, he was predetermined to work in important European capital cities (Constantinople, Paris, Saint Petersburg), while as a statesman serving as Prime Minister he had a major role in ending economic and political crisis in Serbia in the period 1895–1896 and the Annexation Crisis of 1908–1909. He distinguished himself with his energetic attitude being a Member of Parliament in several convocations of the Parliament, and he was also a reputed representative of Serbia at the Peace Conference in London in 1912–1913. He was also a Professor at the Grande École, member of the Serbian Learned Society, Member of the Serbian Royal Academy and its President in the period 1906–1915. He was a member of several foreign academies of sciences and scientific associations. He also presided over the Serbian Literary Cooperative since its establishment. Novaković’s rich scientific legacy preserved in the library funds as well as numerous documents having been developed during his decades-long devoted activities related to the state affairs, which are stored mainly in the Archives of Serbia and the Archives of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, present sufficient reason to emphasize his high importance in the Serbian science and politics.Gallery of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts ; 14

Les contradictions internes des états à constitution socialiste

Marković Mihailo. Les contradictions internes des états à constitution socialiste. In: Autogestion et socialisme : études, débats, documents, N°30-31, 1975. Où est l’autogestion ? En Yougoslavie ? En Algérie ? L'union de la gauche et l'autogestion. Les conseils en hongrie, la cogestion en allemagne. pp. 13-27

Une société nouvelle et son organisation

Marković Mihailo. Une société nouvelle et son organisation. In: L'Homme et la société, N. 19, 1971. sociologie et marxisme. pp. 23-48

Les possibilités de dépassement de la bureaucratie dans la société post-capitaliste

Marković Mihailo. Les possibilités de dépassement de la bureaucratie dans la société post-capitaliste. In: L'Homme et la société, N. 10, 1968. colloque de cerisy : marx et la sociologie. pp. 53-64

Reason and ethos: Consequences of their separation and necessity of their unity

Although the concept of "reason" acquired a precise meaning and clearly defined field of validity only in Kant's critical philosophy, the term has a long genesis in European intellectual history. The roots of the concept lie in the Greek concept of the logos and may be reduced to six basic meanings. The earliest Greek thinkers used the word logos to denote the logical structure of the human thought and the rational structure of the world. Anaxagoras considered the all-embracing spiritual principle of the nous the source of overall rationality. In the philosophy of the Stoa the term - logos spermaticos is the active principle acting on passive matter in order to create the world. For the Stoics, the concept of logos is the fundamental principle of entire morality. In Christian theology, the God is logos, Holy Spirit - pneuma the soul. In modern philosophy the basic meanings of the Greek logos were taken over by Latin terms "intellectus" and "ratio". These concepts chart quite clearly two basic lines of European thought, one characterized by immediate and the other by mediated discursive understanding of the truth. Kant was the first in the history of philosophy to introduce the essential distinction between understanding and reason (Verstand and Vernunft). According to this distinction, understanding is analytical and abstract, while reason is the source of apriori principles connecting and grounding the whole of our knowledge and volition. Therefore Kant distinguishes theoretical from practical reason. Though practical reason applies the concepts and principles of theoretical reason, it has priority over the latter because it bestows practical reality also on what is theoretically unknowable (freedom, God, immortality of the soul). The primacy of practical reason was especially emphasized by Fichte in his Doctrine of Science. Reason is for him a purely purposeful activity. The idea of reason attains full articulation in Hegel's philosophy of the absolute spirit. For Hegel, reason is first of all a world principle rather than a human capacity. Unlike Kant, whose reason is basically static, a substantial novelty of Hegel's conception of the objective reason is its dynamism, enabling it to reach an increasing awareness "of itself" in its dialectical development. By including the idea of progress in his conception of reason, Hegel introduced an evaluative element in the concept of rationality and thus enabled a connection between reason and ethos in the era of modernity. The deepest cleavage between reason and ethos was opened by the modern science. On one hand, it improved human life by its discoveries and new knowledge, liberating man from religious superstition and other forms of subordination, but on the other it displayed a restrictive attitude not only toward all sorts of value judgments but also toward many dimensions of reason. The positive knowledge of modern science with no ethos lacks any critical self-awareness of the purpose of knowledge, of how it can be used to the benefit of mankind or abused. Thus for establishing a humanistic scientific culture the connection between reason and ethos must be reaffirmed in modern science