Antioksidativna aktivnost ferementiranih i nefermentiranih esktrakata iz otpada nastalog pri proizvodnji kave

Coffee pulp contains natural antioxidants like hydroxycinnamic acids, most of which are covalently linked to the cell wall. These compounds can be released by fermentation or enzymatic processes. In this study, the antioxidant properties of fermented and nonfermented coffee pulp have been evaluated. Coffee pulp was fermented by solid-state fermentation using the fungus Aspergillus tamarii. Fermented and nonfermented samples of coffee pulp were extracted with aqueous methanol followed by alkaline hydrolysis. In both cases, the total polyphenol concentration was quantified by Folin-Ciocalteu method, then hydroxycinnamic acids were concentrated using ethyl acetate and quantified by HPLC. The antioxidant properties of samples were determined by radical monocation of 2,2’-azinobis-( 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) [ABTS]·+: the antioxidant activity was determined by kinetic parameters known as ED50, tED50 and antiradical efficiency (AE). Fermented extracts containing free hydroxycinnamic acids showed better antiradical activity against [ABTS]·+ than the other nonfermented ones. There were no significant differences in the total content of polyphenols in fermented and nonfermented coffee pulp, but the content of total hydroxycinnamic acids was higher in the nonfermented coffee pulp extracts (47.1 g/kg) than in the fermented coffee pulp (30.9 g/kg). Nevertheless, the fermentation process increased the fraction of free hydroxycinnamic acids (47 %) and consequently decreased those covalently linked to the cell wall. The results of the antioxidant activity assays could be explained by the presence of free hydroxycinnamic acids. Fermented coffee pulp assays showed that free hydroxycinnamic acids were metabolised by A. tamarii. This study shows the potential of using coffee pulp as a natural source of antioxidants.Otpad nastao pri proizvodnji kave sadržava prirodne antioksidanse, kao što su hidroksicinamične kiseline, od kojih je većina kovalentno vezana za staničnu stijenku. Takvi se spojevi mogu osloboditi fermentacijom ili pomoću enzima. U ovom su radu istražena antioksidativna svojstva fermentiranih i nefermentiranih esktrakata, pri čemu je fermentacija provedena s pomoću plijesni Aspergillus tamarii na čvrstoj podlozi od otpada nastalog pri proizvodnji kave. Fermentirani i nefermentirani spojevi esktrahirani su vodenom otopinom metanola, nakon čega je provedena njihova alkalna hidroliza. U oba je slučaja koncentracija ukupnih polifenola određena Folin-Ciocalteu metodom, a zatim su hidroksicinamične kiseline koncentrirane pomoću etil acetata i analizirane HPLC-om. Antioksidativna su svojstva uzoraka, tj. vrijednosti ED50 i tED50 te antiradikalni učinak, određena pomoću radikala 2,2\u27-azinobis(3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfonske kiseline) [ABTS].+. Fermentirani su ekstrakti sadržavali slobodne hidroksicinamične kiseline i imali su bolju antioksidativnu aktivnost s obzirom na [ABTS].+ od nefermentiranih ekstrakata. Nije bilo bitne razlike u koncentracijama ukupnih polifenola u fermentiranim i nefermentiranim ekstraktima, ali je udio hidroksicinamičnih kiselina bio veći u nefermentiranim (47,1 g/kg) nego u fermentiranim ekstraktima (30,9 g/kg). Fermentacija je povećala udjel slobodnih (na 47 %), a smanjila udjel vezanih hidroksicinamičnih kiselina. Zaključeno je da je antioksidativna aktivnost ekstrakata ovisila o udjelu slobodnih hidroksicinamičnih kiselina, koji se povećao nakon fermentacije otpada nastalog pri proizvodnji kave s pomoću A. tamarii. Time je potvrđeno da se postupak može primijeniti za ekstrakciju prirodnih antioksidanasa

Effect of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Depression Biomarkers in Women With Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Study objectives: The effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on mediators of cardiovascular disease and depression in women with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is unknown. We aimed to assess the effect of CPAP therapy on a variety of biomarkers of inflammation, antioxidant activity, and depression in women with OSA. Methods: We conducted a multicenter, randomized controlled trial in 247 women diagnosed with moderate-to-severe OSA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] ? 15). Women were randomized to CPAP (n = 120) or conservative treatment (n = 127) for 12 weeks. Changes in tumor necrosis factor ? (TNF?), interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were assessed. Additional analyses were conducted in subgroups of clinical interest. Results: Women had a median (25th-75th percentiles) age of 58 (51-65) years, body mass index 33.5 (29.0-38.3) kg/m2, and AHI 33.3 (22.8-49.3). No differences were found between groups in the baseline levels of the biomarkers. After 12 weeks of follow-up, there were no changes between groups in any of the biomarkers assessed. These results did not change when the analyses were restricted to sleepy women or to those with severe OSA. In women with CPAP use at least 5 hours per night, only TNF? levels decreased compared to the control group (-0.29 ± 1.1 vs -0.06 ± 0.53, intergroup difference -0.23 [95% CI = -0.03 to -0.50]; p = 0.043). Conclusions: Twelve weeks of CPAP therapy does not improve biomarkers of inflammation, antioxidant activity, or depression compared to conservative treatment in women with moderate-to-severe OSA

Derechos humanos en la planeación gubernamental: Quintana Roo 2005-2022

En este documento se analizan las condiciones de transversalidad y gobernanza en materia de derechos humanos en la planeación gubernamental del Estado de Quintana Roo en tres periodos de gobierno. La metodología que se implementó constó de un ejercicio de revisión documental y de análisis con ATLAS TI de los Planes Estatales de Desarrollo (PED) de los gobernadores Félix González Canto, Roberto Borge Angulo y Carlos Manuel Joaquín González. Se codificó el término “Derechos Humanos” para ver sus menciones e interacciones al interior de los PED pues estos son los instrumentos básicos para la planeación estatal y en teoría deben estar armonizados con la planeación nacional que a su vez obedece a tratados y convenios internacionales. Entre los que se puede destacar el hecho de que en los PED de los gobernadores Félix González y Roberto Borge es poco clara la gobernanza y transversalidad en materia de Política Pública; mientras que en el PED del gobernador Carlos Joaquín sí hay elementos básicos para identificar gobernanza y transversalidad en materia de derechos humanos

Antioxidant Activity of Fermented and Nonfermented Coffee (Coffea arabica) Pulp Extracts

Coffee pulp contains natural antioxidants like hydroxycinnamic acids, most of which are covalently linked to the cell wall. These compounds can be released by fermentation or enzymatic processes. In this study, the antioxidant properties of fermented and nonfermented coffee pulp have been evaluated. Coffee pulp was fermented by solid-state fermentation using the fungus Aspergillus tamarii. Fermented and nonfermented samples of coffee pulp were extracted with aqueous methanol followed by alkaline hydrolysis. In both cases, the total polyphenol concentration was quantified by Folin-Ciocalteu method, then hydroxycinnamic acids were concentrated using ethyl acetate and quantified by HPLC. The antioxidant properties of samples were determined by radical monocation of 2,2’-azinobis-( 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) [ABTS]·+: the antioxidant activity was determined by kinetic parameters known as ED50, tED50 and antiradical efficiency (AE). Fermented extracts containing free hydroxycinnamic acids showed better antiradical activity against [ABTS]·+ than the other nonfermented ones. There were no significant differences in the total content of polyphenols in fermented and nonfermented coffee pulp, but the content of total hydroxycinnamic acids was higher in the nonfermented coffee pulp extracts (47.1 g/kg) than in the fermented coffee pulp (30.9 g/kg). Nevertheless, the fermentation process increased the fraction of free hydroxycinnamic acids (47 %) and consequently decreased those covalently linked to the cell wall. The results of the antioxidant activity assays could be explained by the presence of free hydroxycinnamic acids. Fermented coffee pulp assays showed that free hydroxycinnamic acids were metabolised by A. tamarii. This study shows the potential of using coffee pulp as a natural source of antioxidants

Evaluation of the potential therapeutic benefits of macrophage reprogramming in Multiple Myeloma Running

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are important components of the multiple myeloma (MM) microenvironment that support malignant plasma cell survival and resistance to therapy. It has been proposed that macrophages (MØ) retain the capacity to change in response to stimuli that can restore their antitumor functions. Here, we investigated several approaches to reprogram MØ as a novel therapeutic strategy in MM. First, we found tumor-limiting and tumor-supporting capabilities for monocyte-derived M1-like MØ and M2-like MØ, respectively, when mixed with MM cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Multicolor confocal microscopy revealed that MM-associated MØ displayed a predominant M2-like phenotype in the bone marrow of MM patient samples, and a high expression of the pro-M2 cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). To reprogram the protumoral M2-like MØ present in MM toward antitumoral M1-like MØ, we tested the pro-M1 cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plus blockade of the M2 cytokines macrophage colony-stimulating factor or MIF. The combination of GM-CSF plus the MIF inhibitor 4-iodo-6-phenyl-pyrimidine achieved the best reprogramming responses toward anM1profile, at both gene and protein expression levels, as well as remarkable tumoricidal effects. Furthermore, this combined treatment elicited MØ-dependent therapeutic responses in MM xenograftmousemodels, which were linked to upregulation ofM1and reciprocal downregulation of M2 MØmarkers. Our results reveal the therapeutic potential of reprogramming MØ in the context of MM.This work was supported by the following grants: grant P2010/BMD-2314 from the Comunidad de Madrid (P.S.-M., A.G.-P., J.T., and A.H.); PI13/01454 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III/FEDER (P.S.-M.); RIER RD12/0009 (P.S.-M.), SAF2014-53059-R (J.T.), SAF2012-31613 (A.G.-P.), RD12/0036/0061 (J.T., A.G.-P., and J.M.-L.). The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the Pro– Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Foundation.Peer reviewe

Characteristics of participants by adherence to the Mediterranean diet (14-item score).

<p>Means ± SD unless otherwise stated.</p>*<p>One-way ANOVA tests (continuous variables) or chi squared tests (categorical variables).</p

Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (OR, 95% confidence intervals) for abdominal obesity (waist-to-height>0.6) by adherence to the Mediterranean diet.

<p>Adjusted for sex, age, smoking and centre.</p

Prevalence of obesity and multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (OR, 95% confidence intervals) for abdominal obesity and general obesity by adherence to the Mediterranean diet.

1<p>Waist to height ratio ≥0.6.</p>2<p>Adjusted for age (continuous), smoking (3 categories) and centre (11 centres).</p>3<p>Additionally adjusted for diabetes status (dichotomous), hypertensive status (dichotomous), educational level (3 categories), marital status (4 categories) and physical activity (continuous).</p>4<p>Body mas index ≥30 kg/m².</p

Adjusted differences in BMI for 7 selected items in the 14-point score of adherence to the Mediterranean diet independently associated with BMI.

<p>Olive oil: Use of olive oil as the main culinary lipid (first item of the score). Adjusted for sex, age, smoking, centre and for all the 14 items. For 1) red/processed meats, 2) sugared soda drinks, 3) commercial bakery, sweets and cakes the inverse of the item was used (i.e. a higher consumption was associated with a higher BMI).</p

Multivariable-adjusted¹ odds ratios (OR, 95% confidence intervals) for abdominal obesity and general obesity according to the fulfilment of each item included in the 14-point screener of adherence to the Mediterranean diet.

1<p>Adjusted for sex, age (continuous), smoking (3 categories), and centre (11 centres),</p>2<p>Waist to height ratio <b>≥</b>0.6.</p>3<p>Body mas index <b>≥</b>30 kg/m².</p