The correspondence between topological properties and existence conditions for interface modes in planar one-dimensional magnonic crystals

We present the concept of Zak phase for spin waves in planar magnonic crystals and discuss the conditions for the existence of interface modes localized on the boundary between two magnonic crystals with centrosymmetric unit cells. Using the symmetry criterion and the calculated logarithmic derivative of the Bloch function we study the interface modes to demonstrate the bulk-edge correspondence. Our theoretical results are verified numerically for structures in the exchange and exchange-dipolar regimes and extended to the case in which one of the magnonic crystals has an arbitrary unit cell. Moreover, we show that by shifting the unit cell the interface modes can be caused to traverse the bandgap edges

Wymagania teologiczne odnośnie do miejsca celebracji liturgicznej

Talking about music in a sacral space is without doubt necessary to look deeply into the meaning of church building itself. Purpose for which is serving, formats its structure and equipment. In the article reflection was founded on the testimony of christian community of the first centuries and on the texts in the present Pontifical, which is used during dedication of the church and the altar. Christians in the first centuries during designing of the churches distains themselves from pagan buildings and also from the Temple in Jerusalem. They emphasize the spiritual side of their worship. They needed only the building where they could meet together, because the community was the real temple of God. So they gather simply very often in a bigger house or sometimes in a synagogue.The building of the church in a landscape of the towns and villages is undoubtedly the sign. It says by itself about unceasing God’s care for human being. The mystery of Incarnation is the base of the truth that God reveals Himself in a creation. That’s why for believers, although not only, it is the place of the presence of God who saved man. The community lives by celebrating, and they are hold in the church. Church becomes the sign of close relation between God and man.Today is required that the church building should have all what is necessary for celebration. Only that building can be blessed and serve for christian cult. The most important elements of equipment are altar, pulpit and place for leading. It is also necessary to notice and have the proper place for organ, choir and acoustic. Undoubtedly the mark of the church should be inert noble beauty.The sanctity of the church building depends on mystery of the presence of God in certain place. Through holding in it the sacred rites it becomes holy but it can lose holiness if it is used for different purpose.Talking about music in a sacral space is without doubt necessary to look deeply into the meaning of church building itself. Purpose for which is serving, formats its structure and equipment. In the article reflection was founded on the testimony of christian community of the first centuries and on the texts in the present Pontifical, which is used during dedication of the church and the altar. Christians in the first centuries during designing of the churches distains themselves from pagan buildings and also from the Temple in Jerusalem. They emphasize the spiritual side of their worship. They needed only the building where they could meet together, because the community was the real temple of God. So they gather simply very often in a bigger house or sometimes in a synagogue.The building of the church in a landscape of the towns and villages is undoubtedly the sign. It says by itself about unceasing God’s care for human being. The mystery of Incarnation is the base of the truth that God reveals Himself in a creation. That’s why for believers, although not only, it is the place of the presence of God who saved man. The community lives by celebrating, and they are hold in the church. Church becomes the sign of close relation between God and man.Today is required that the church building should have all what is necessary for celebration. Only that building can be blessed and serve for christian cult. The most important elements of equipment are altar, pulpit and place for leading. It is also necessary to notice and have the proper place for organ, choir and acoustic. Undoubtedly the mark of the church should be inert noble beauty.The sanctity of the church building depends on mystery of the presence of God in certain place. Through holding in it the sacred rites it becomes holy but it can lose holiness if it is used for different purpose

Zinc oxide/cuprous(I) oxide-based solar cells prepared by electrodeposition

The aim of this research was to fabricate zinc oxide/cuprous(I) oxide-based heterojunction solar cells with the use of electrodeposition methods, and further to investigate their structures and photovoltaic properties. The ZnO and Cu2O were used as n- and p-type semiconductors, respectively, to fabricate photovoltaic devices based on Ag/ZnO/Cu2O/Cu(100) heterojunction structures. The crystallite sizes of ZnO and Cu2O were determined to be 25.4(3) nm and 69.8(6) nm, respectively. It was pointed out that efficiencies of the solar cells can be gradually adjusted, using different thicknesses of Cu2O layers, to achieve values as high as 2.7%. The standard diode model and high device performance provide new insights into the issue, outlining guidelines for high-performance solar cells and suggesting that a metal-n-type semiconductor–p-type semiconductor nanostructure-crystal layered, sandwiched-type architecture is a promising platform to boost the efficiency

Characteristic of oxide layers obtained on titanium in the process of thermal oxidation

Thermal oxidation in air may be one method to improve the properties of titanium and its alloys through its influence on the structure and properties of the material's surface layer. This paper presents a description of oxide layers obtained on the surface of Grade 2 titanium as a result of oxidation at temperatures of 600 and 700°C. On the basis of kinetic curves, it was found that the intensity of oxide layer growth increased with oxidation temperature. Studies of the surface morphology of oxide layers showed that the size of the formed oxide particles was greater following oxidation at 600°C. The obtained layers were subjected to X-ray phase analysis and microhardness measurements. Irrespective of oxidation temperature, the scale consisted of TiO2 oxide in the crystallographic form of rutile and of Ti3O oxide. The hardness of oxide layers amounted to around 1265 HV and was more than 4 times higher compared to the material in its initial state

Short ORF-Dependent Ribosome Shunting Operates in an RNA Picorna-Like Virus and a DNA Pararetrovirus that Cause Rice Tungro Disease

Rice tungro disease is caused by synergistic interaction of an RNA picorna-like virus Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) and a DNA pararetrovirus Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV). It is spread by insects owing to an RTSV-encoded transmission factor. RTBV has evolved a ribosome shunt mechanism to initiate translation of its pregenomic RNA having a long and highly structured leader. We found that a long leader of RTSV genomic RNA remarkably resembles the RTBV leader: both contain several short ORFs (sORFs) and potentially fold into a large stem-loop structure with the first sORF terminating in front of the stem basal helix. Using translation assays in rice protoplasts and wheat germ extracts, we show that, like in RTBV, both initiation and proper termination of the first sORF translation in front of the stem are required for shunt-mediated translation of a reporter ORF placed downstream of the RTSV leader. The base pairing that forms the basal helix is required for shunting, but its sequence can be varied. Shunt efficiency in RTSV is lower than in RTBV. But in addition to shunting the RTSV leader sequence allows relatively efficient linear ribosome migration, which also contributes to translation initiation downstream of the leader. We conclude that RTSV and RTBV have developed a similar, sORF-dependent shunt mechanism possibly to adapt to the host translation system and/or coordinate their life cycles. Given that sORF-dependent shunting also operates in a pararetrovirus Cauliflower mosaic virus and likely in other pararetroviruses that possess a conserved shunt configuration in their leaders it is tempting to propose that RTSV may have acquired shunt cis-elements from RTBV during their co-existence

Driving Magnetization Dynamics in an On-Demand Magnonic Crystal via the Magnetoelastic Interactions

Using spatial light interference of ultrafast laser pulses, we generate a lateral modulation in the magnetization profile of an otherwise uniformly magnetized film, whose magnetic excitation spectrum is monitored via the coherent and resonant interaction with elastic waves. We find an unusual dependence of the magnetoelastic coupling as the externally applied magnetic field is angle- and field-tuned relative to the wave vector of the magnetization modulation, which can be explained by the emergence of spatially inhomogeneous spin-wave modes. In this regard, the spatial light interference methodology can be seen as a user-configurable, temporally windowed, on-demand magnonic crystal, potentially of arbitrary two-dimensional shape, which allows control and selectivity of the spatial distribution of spin waves. Calculations of spin waves using a variety of methods, demonstrated here using the plane-wave method and micromagnetic simulation, can identify the spatial distribution and associated energy scales of each excitation, which opens the door to a number of excitation methodologies beyond our chosen elastic wave excitation

AAV-mediated in vivo knockdown of luciferase using combinatorial RNAi and U1i

RNA interference (RNAi) has been successfully employed for specific inhibition of gene expression; however, safety and delivery of RNAi remain critical issues. We investigated the combinatorial use of RNAi and U1 interference (U1i). U1i is a gene-silencing technique that acts on the pre-mRNA by preventing polyadenylation. RNAi and U1i have distinct mechanisms of action in different cellular compartments and their combined effect allows usage of minimal doses, thereby avoiding toxicity while retaining high target inhibition. As a proof of concept, we investigated knockdown of the firefly luciferase reporter gene by combinatorial use of RNAi and U1i, and evaluated their inhibitory potential both in vitro and in vivo. Co-transfection of RNAi and U1i constructs showed additive reduction of luciferase expression up to 95% in vitro. We attained similar knockdown when RNAi and U1i constructs were hydrodynamically transfected into murine liver, demonstrating for the first time successful in vivo application of U1i. Moreover, we demonstrated long-term gene silencing by AAV-mediated transduction of murine muscle with RNAi/U1i constructs targeting firefly luciferase. In conclusion, these results provide a proof of principle for the combinatorial use of RNAi and U1i to enhance target gene knockdown in vivo