Replication characteristics of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) European subtype 1 (Lelystad) and subtype 3 (Lena) strains in nasal mucosa and cells of the monocytic lineage: indications for the use of new receptors of PRRSV (Lena)

Recently, it has been demonstrated that subtype 3 strains of European type porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are more virulent/pathogenic than subtype 1 strains. This points to differences in the pathogenesis. In the present study, a new polarized nasal mucosa explant system was used to study the invasion of the low virulent subtype 1 PRRSV strain Lelystad (LV) and the highly virulent subtype 3 PRRSV strain Lena at the portal of entry. Different cell types of the monocytic lineage (alveolar macrophages (PAM), cultured blood monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC)) were enclosed to examine replication kinetics of both strains in their putative target cells. At 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours post inoculation (hpi), virus production was analyzed and the infected cells were quantified and identified. Lena replicated much more efficiently than LV in the nasal mucosa explants and to a lesser extent in PAM. Differences in replication were not found in monocytes and moDC. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that for LV, almost all viral antigen positive cells were CD163+Sialoadhesin (Sn)+, which were mainly located in the lamina propria of the respiratory mucosa. In Lena-infected nasal mucosa, CD163+Sn+, CD163+Sn- and to a lesser extent CD163-Sn- monocytic subtypes were involved in infection. CD163+Sn- cells were mostly located within or in the proximity of the epithelium. Our results show that, whereas LV replicates in a restricted subpopulation of CD163+Sn+ monocytic cells in the upper respiratory tract, Lena hijacks a broader range of subpopulations to spread within the mucosa. Replication in CD163+Sn- cells suggests that an alternative entry receptor may contribute to the wider tropism of Lena

M & L Jaargang 6/1

GeneriekMieke Verbeeck Van herberg tot café. [The story of beerhouses, inns and pubs in Flanders.]Heden zomaar in een café aan een tafel schuiven en de ober vragen om een kopje gelijknamige, welgeurende hete drank, getuigt voorwaar van enige stoutmoedigheid.Het café is immers lang reeds geen caffé meer, en veeleer ware bier hier op zijn plaats: maar hoe dan weer het cliché-matige, traditioneel of retro-decorum verklaard? In haar zoektocht naar het heden en verleden van taveernen, guinguettes, estaminets, herbergen en hoe zou het anders cafés, treft Mieke Verbeeck alvast één constante aan: de dorst.D. Colard Over de vergankelijke glorie van het Brusselse drankhuis. [The transient glory of the Brussels drinking-houses.]Metropolis is een hoofdstedelijk begrip, niet in het minst nu eerlang het Brussels nachtleven met weelderig iconografisch materiaal het daglicht dreigt te halen, ja voorwaar: de spotlights van een heuse tentoonstelling.De verleiding was dan ook té groot om niet voor deze stad de negentiende-eeuwse zelfingenomen opgang van café en estaminet te illustreren, tot hun jazzy nabloei halverwege de jaren 1920 met de dancing.Enige ongebruikelijke verve, wat fotos en bijwijlen schitterende ontwerptekeningen zijn helaas maar al te vaak het weinige dat overblijft om enigszins nog in verbeelding hun herinnering in stand te houden.K. Lanclus De opera van Gent. [The opera house at Ghent.]Onder dit motto schenkt M&L voortaan en systematisch 8 van kleur en illustraties ruim verzadigde bladzijden lang aandacht aan Vlaanderens meest monumentale, meest gevulgariseerde maar minst gekende, moeilijk toegankelijke monumenten. Een extra aansporing om dit tijdschrift onder de arm, de deuren-ontsluitende tips op zak nu eens bijvoorbeeld... de Opera van Gent van binnenuit te verkennen. Een gloednieuw verhaal in talrijke afleveringen, ontworpen en samengesteld door vele dames en één heer: de inventaris-teams van het Bestuurd voor Monumenten en Landschappen.SummaryM&L Binnenkran

Real-world insights into risk of developing cardiovascular disease following GnRH agonists versus antagonists for prostate cancer: a methodological protocol to a study using five European databases

International audienc

Bouwen door de eeuwen heen in Vlaanderen, Inventaris van het cultuurbezit in België, Architectuur, 15n2: Provincie Oost-Vlaanderen, Arrondissement Oudenaarde, Kanton Oudenaarde

Besproken gemeenten:Maarkedal: Etikhove, Maarke-Kerkem, Nukerke, SchorisseWortegem-Petegem: Elsegem, Moregem, Ooike, Petegem-aan-de-Schelde, Wortege

Soil organic matter affects arsenic and antimony sorption in anaerobic soils

Soil organic matter (SOM) affects arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) mobility in soils under waterlogged conditions by acting as an electron donor, by catalyzing redox-cycling through electron shuttling and by acting as a competing ligand. This study was set up to disentangle these different effects of SOM towards As and Sb sorption in anaerobic soils. Nine samples were taken at different depths in an agricultural soil profile to collect samples with a natural SOM gradient (<1-40 g soil organic carbon kg-1). The samples were incubated either or not under waterlogged conditions in an anaerobic chamber for 63-70 days, and glucose (5 g C kg-1) was either or not added to the anaerobic incubated samples as an electron donor that neither acts as an electron shuttle nor as a competing ligand. The solid-liquid distribution coefficients (KD) of As and Sb were measured at trace levels. The KD values of As decreased ∼2 orders of magnitude upon waterlogging the SOM rich topsoil, while no additional changes were observed when glucose was added. In contrast, smaller changes in the As KD values were found in the low SOM containing subsoil samples, unless glucose was added that mobilised As. The Sb KD values increased upon reducing conditions up to factor 20, but again only in the high SOM topsoil samples. Surprisingly, the Sb immobilisation during waterlogging only occurred in Sb amended soils whereas the geogenic Sb was mobilised upon reducing conditions, although total dissolved Sb concentrations remained low (<10 nM). The change in As and Sb sorption upon waterlogging was similar in the SOM rich topsoil as in the low SOM subsoil amended with glucose. This suggests that the SOM dependent changes in As and Sb mobility in response to soil waterlogging are primarily determined by the role of SOM as electron donor.status: Published onlin

Trace element concentrations in mineral phosphate fertilizers used in Europe: A balanced survey

Mineral phosphate (P) fertilizers contain trace elements (TE) and can be a long-term source of these elements in soil. This study aimed to survey TE concentrations in mineral P fertilizers consumed in 25 of the EU-28 countries plus Norway (EU-28+1), to improve estimates of the EU wide input of TEs in agricultural soils. Different mineral P fertilizers (n = 414) were collected from EU-28+1 with a consumption-balanced sampling strategy. The samples were analyzed by ICP-MS for 21 elements (Na, Mg, Al, P, S, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd, Pb, Sb and U) that had adequate analytical quality control. Trace element concentrations in the P fertilizers were positively correlated with the P content for Cd, U, V, Sb, Cr, As and Ni. In addition, two groups of rock phosphates are likely the basis of P fertilizers in EU-28+1, i.e., with a high TE/P (n = 288) and low TE/P ratio (n = 126). The TE concentrations, relative to the aqua regia soluble concentration in EU arable soils, were highest for U, followed by Cd and then by other TEs. The Cd and U concentrations showed strong association but suggest that rock phosphates with two different Cd/U ratio are used. The Cd/P2O5 ratio varied significantly among countries and averaged 28 mg Cd kg-1 P2O5. An EU weighted mean is 30 mg Cd kg-1 P2O5, based on country average data and P consumption. Both means are below earlier EU estimates, likely because of sampling bias in those surveys. About 10% of the fertilizers exceed the current European Cd limit (60 mg Cd kg-1 P2O5). This survey illustrates the importance of a consumption-balanced sampling strategy to estimate TE inputs at a large scale and provides the data necessary for risk assessment of TEs in agricultural soils.status: Published onlin