9,512 research outputs found
Control of germ-band retraction in Drosophila by the zinc-finger protein HINDSIGHT
Drosophila embryos lacking hindsight gene function have a
normal body plan and undergo normal germ-band
extension. However, they fail to retract their germ bands.
hindsight encodes a large nuclear protein of 1920 amino
acids that contains fourteen C2H2-type zinc fingers, and
glutamine-rich and proline-rich domains, suggesting that it
functions as a transcription factor. Initial embryonic
expression of hindsight RNA and protein occurs in the
endoderm (midgut) and extraembryonic membrane
(amnioserosa) prior to germ-band extension and continues
in these tissues beyond the completion of germ-band retraction. Expression also occurs in the developing tracheal system, central and peripheral nervous systems, and the ureter of the Malpighian tubules. Strikingly, hindsight is not expressed in the epidermal ectoderm which is the tissue that undergoes the cell shape changes and movements during germ-band retraction. The embryonic midgut can be eliminated without affecting germ-band retraction.
However, elimination of the amnioserosa results in the
failure of germ-band retraction, implicating amnioserosal
expression of hindsight as crucial for this process. Ubiquitous expression of hindsight in the early embryo rescues germ-band retraction without producing dominant gainof-function defects, suggesting that hindsight’s role in
germ-band retraction is permissive rather than instructive.
Previous analyses have shown that hindsight is required for
maintenance of the differentiated amnioserosa (Frank, L.
C. and Rushlow, C. (1996) Development 122, 1343-1352).
Two classes of models are consistent with the present data.
First, hindsight’s function in germ-band retraction may be
limited to maintenance of the amnioserosa which then plays
a physical role in the retraction process through contact
with cells of the epidermal ectoderm. Second, hindsight
might function both to maintain the amnioserosa and to
regulate chemical signaling from the amnioserosa to the
epidermal ectoderm, thus coordinating the cell shape
changes and movements that drive germ-band retraction
Correlated bosons in a one-dimensional optical lattice: Effects of the trapping potential and of quasiperiodic disorder
We investigate the effect of the trapping potential on the quantum phases of
strongly correlated ultracold bosons in one-dimensional periodic and
quasiperiodic optical lattices. By means of a decoupling meanfield approach, we
characterize the ground state of the system and its behavior under variation of
the harmonic trapping, as a function of the total number of atoms. For a small
atom number the system shows an incompressible Mott-insulating phase, as the
size of the cloud remains unaffected when the trapping potential is varied.
When the quasiperiodic potential is added the system develops a
metastable-disordered phase which is neither compressible nor Mott insulating.
This state is characteristic of quasidisorder in the presence of a strong
trapping potential.Comment: Accepted for publication in PR
Direct measurement of DNA-mediated adhesion between lipid bilayers
Multivalent interactions between deformable mesoscopic units are ubiquitous
in biology, where membrane macromolecules mediate the interactions between
neighbouring living cells and between cells and solid substrates. Lately,
analogous artificial materials have been synthesised by functionalising the
outer surface of compliant Brownian units, for example emulsion droplets and
lipid vesicles, with selective linkers, in particular short DNA sequences. This
development extended the range of applicability of DNA as a selective glue,
originally applied to solid nano and colloidal particles. On very deformable
lipid vesicles, the coupling between statistical effects of multivalent
interactions and mechanical deformation of the membranes gives rise to complex
emergent behaviours, as we recently contributed to demonstrate [Parolini et
al., Nature Communications, 2015, 6, 5948]. Several aspects of the complex
phenomenology observed in these systems still lack a quantitative experimental
characterisation and fundamental understanding. Here we focus on the
DNA-mediated multivalent interactions of a single liposome adhering to a flat
supported bilayer. This simplified geometry enables the estimate of the
membrane tension induced by the DNA-mediated adhesive forces acting on the
liposome. Our experimental investigation is completed by morphological
measurements and the characterisation of the DNA-melting transition, probed by
in-situ F\"{o}rster Resonant Energy Transfer spectroscopy. Experimental results
are compared with the predictions of an analytical theory that couples the
deformation of the vesicle to a full description of the statistical mechanics
of mobile linkers. With at most one fitting parameter, our theory is capable of
semi-quantitatively matching experimental data, confirming the quality of the
underlying assumptions.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figure
Uncovering Spiral Structure in Flocculent Galaxies
We present K'(2.1 micron) observations of four nearby flocculent spirals,
which clearly show low-level spiral structure and suggest that kiloparsec-scale
spiral structure is more prevalent in flocculent spirals than previously
supposed. In particular, the prototypical flocculent spiral NGC 5055 is shown
to have regular, two-arm spiral structure to a radius of 4 kpc in the near
infrared, with an arm-interarm contrast of 1.3. The spiral structure in all
four galaxies is weaker than that in grand design galaxies. Taken in unbarred
galaxies with no large, nearby companions, these data are consistent with the
modal theory of spiral density waves, which maintains that density waves are
intrinsic to the disk. As an alternative, mechanisms for driving spiral
structure with non-axisymmetric perturbers are also discussed. These
observations highlight the importance of near infrared imaging for exploring
the range of physical environments in which large-scale dynamical processes,
such as density waves, are important.Comment: 12 pages AASTeX; 3 compressed PS figures can be retrieved from
ftp://ftp.astro.umd.edu/pub/michele as file thornley.tar (1.6Mbytes).
Accepted to Ap.J. Letters.(Figures now also available here, and from
ftp://ftp.astro.umd.edu/pub/michele , in GIF format.
The binding of CO2 to human hemoglobin.
CO2-dissociation curves of concentrated human deoxy- and carbonmonoxyhemoglobin at 37 degrees, pH 7.6 to 7.0, PCO2 equal to 10 to 160 mm Hg, have been obtained by a rapid mixing and ion exchange technique. The CO2-dissociation curves for deoxyhemogloblin can only be fitted by assuming two classes of binding sites for carbon dioxide. The simplest way to account for the experimental data is to assume that the alpha-amino groups of the alpha and beta chains react with carbon dioxide with affinities that differ by at least a factor of 3. No difference in reactivity with CO2 was found among the four terminal alpha-amino groups of carbonmonoxyhemoglobin
Linear Ramps of Interaction in the Fermionic Hubbard Model
We study the out of equilibrium dynamics of the Fermionic Hubbard Model
induced by a linear ramp of the repulsive interaction from the metallic
state through the Mott transition. To this extent we use a time dependent
Gutzwiller variational method and complement this analysis with the inclusion
of quantum fluctuations at the leading order, in the framework of a slave
spin theory. We discuss the dynamics during the ramp and the issue of
adiabaticity through the scaling of the excitation energy with the ramp
duration . In addition, we study the dynamics for times scales longer
than the ramp time, when the system is again isolated and the total energy
conserved. We establish the existence of a dynamical phase transition analogous
to the one present in the sudden quench case and discuss its properties as a
function of final interaction and ramp duration. Finally we discuss the role of
quantum fluctuations on the mean field dynamics for both long ramps, where spin
wave theory is sufficient, and for very short ramps, where a self consistent
treatment of quantum fluctuations is required in order to obtain relaxation.Comment: v2: 19 pages, 14 figures, published versio
Correlation effects in quasi one dimensional electron wires
We explore the role of electron correlation in quasi one dimensional quantum
wires as the range of the interaction potential is changed and their thickness
is varied by performing exact quantum Monte Carlo simulations at various
electronic densities. In the case of unscreened interactions with a long range
1/x tail there is a crossover from a liquid to a quasi Wigner crystal state as
the density decreases. When this interaction is screened, quasi long range
order is prevented from forming, although a significant correlation with 4 k_F
periodicity is still present at low densities. At even lower electron
concentration, exchange is suppressed and the spin-dependent interactions
become negligible, making the electrons behave like spinless fermions. We show
that this behavior is shared by the long range and screened interactions by
studying the spin and charge excitations of the system in both cases. Finally,
we study the effect of electron correlations in the double quantum wire
experiment [Steinberg et al., Phys. Rev. B 77, 113307 (2006)], by introducing
an accurate model for the screening in the experiment and explicitly including
the finite length of the system in our simulations. We find that decreasing the
electron density drives the system from a liquid to a state with quite strong 4
k_F correlations. This crossover takes place around , the
density where the electron localization occurs in the experiment. The charge
and spin velocities are also in remarkable agreement with the experimental
findings in the proximity of the crossover. We argue that correlation effects
play an important role at the onset of the localization transition.Comment: minor improvements, 13 pages, 12 figure
Derivation of Boltzmann Principle
We present a derivation of Boltzmann principle
based on classical mechanical models of thermodynamics. The argument is based
on the heat theorem and can be traced back to the second half of the nineteenth
century with the works of Helmholtz and Boltzmann. Despite its simplicity, this
argument has remained almost unknown. We present it in a modern, self-contained
and accessible form. The approach constitutes an important link between
classical mechanics and statistical mechanics
SpoT governs Legionella pneumophila differentiation in host macrophages
During its life cycle, Legionella pneumophila alternates between a replicative and a transmissive state. To determine their contributions to L. pneumophila differentiation, the two ppGpp synthetases, RelA and SpoT, were disrupted. Synthesis of ppGpp was required for transmission, as relA spoT mutants were killed during entry to and exit from macrophages. RelA, which senses amino acid starvation induced by serine hydroxamate, is dispensable in macrophages, as relA mutants spread efficiently. SpoT monitors fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB), since following cerulenin treatment, wild-type and relA strains expressed the flaA transmissive gene, but relA spoT mutants did not. As in Escherichia coli , the SpoT response to FAB perturbation likely required an interaction with acyl-carrier protein (ACP), as judged by the failure of the spoT-A413E allele to rescue transmissive trait expression of relA spoT bacteria. Furthermore, SpoT was essential for transmission between macrophages, since secondary infections by relA spoT mutants were restored by induction of spoT , but not relA . To resume replication, ppGpp must be degraded, as mutants lacking spoT hydrolase activity failed to convert from the transmissive to the replicative phase in either bacteriological medium or macrophages. Thus, L. pneumophila requires SpoT to monitor FAB and to alternate between replication and transmission in macrophages.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73309/1/j.1365-2958.2008.06555.x.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73309/2/MMI_6555_sm_Figure_S1.pd
Physics Reach of High-Energy and High-Statistics IceCube Atmospheric Neutrino Data
This paper investigates the physics reach of the IceCube neutrino detector
when it will have collected a data set of order one million atmospheric
neutrinos with energies in the 0.1 \sim 10^4 TeV range. The paper consists of
three parts. We first demonstrate how to simulate the detector performance
using relatively simple analytic methods. Because of the high energies of the
neutrinos, their oscillations, propagation in the Earth and regeneration due to
\tau decay must be treated in a coherent way. We set up the formalism to do
this and discuss the implications. In a final section we apply the methods
developed to evaluate the potential of IceCube to study new physics beyond
neutrino oscillations. Not surprisingly, because of the increased energy and
statistics over present experiments, existing bounds on violations of the
equivalence principle and of Lorentz invariance can be improved by over two
orders of magnitude. The methods developed can be readily applied to other
non-conventional physics associated with neutrinos.Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures, Revtex
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