Umowa o podział majątku wspólnego a zajęcie prawa do podziału tego majątku (art. 912 Kodeksu postępowania cywilnego). Glosa do postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 14 lipca 2017 r. (II CSK 718/16, OSNC 2018, nr 7–8, poz. 78)

The commentary is approving. A proceeding concerning the distribution of joint marital property was ongoing in the case. It was issued upon the request of the creditor, who in the course of the enforcement proceedings made a request to have the right to have a distribution claim of that joint marital property. After making this request, the spouses conducted the distribution of their property on the grounds of a contract. In the decision of 14 July 2017, the Supreme Court settled the issue whether a distribution of joint marital property agreement, made during the course of the enforcement proceedings, is void against the enforcement creditor. The Supreme Court has given a positive reply to this question. The commentary concerns the interpretation of Article 912 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which apart from short comments, has never been analysed in the context of the doctrine. At the same time, the comments contain short observations repeated by most authors. In this regard, the issues raised in the commentary are the first scholarly publication deepening this topic. The issues connected with making the request to have the right to have a claim to distribute joint marital property, time as of which this request comes into effect and the consequences of the request, especially with respect to the enforcement creditor, are discussed in the commentary to this decision.Glosa ma charakter aprobujący. W sprawie toczyło się postępowanie o podział majątku wspólnego małżonków. Zostało ono wszczęte na wniosek wierzyciela, który w toku postępowania egzekucyjnego dokonał zajęcia prawa do żądania podziału tego majątku. Po dokonaniu tego zajęcia małżonkowie dokonali podziału majątku w drodze umowy o podział majątku wspólnego. W postanowieniu z dnia 14 lipca 2017 r. Sąd Najwyższy rozstrzygnął kwestię, czy umowa o podział majątku wspólnego, zawarta w toku postępowania egzekucyjnego, jest bezskuteczna wobec wierzyciela egzekwującego. Sąd Najwyższy udzielił pozytywnej odpowiedzi na to pytanie. Glosa dotyczy wykładni art. 912 Kodeksu postępowania cywilnego, który poza krótkimi wypowiedziami komentarzowymi, nigdy nie został dokładnie przeanalizowany w doktrynie, a komentarze zawierają krótkie, powielane przez autorów uwagi. W tym zakresie problematyka poruszona w glosie stanowi pierwsze w tym zakresie pogłębione opracowanie naukowe. W glosie omówiono zagadnienia związane z zajęciem prawa do żądania podziału majątku wspólnego, chwilę, z jaką następuje to zajecie, a także skutki zajęcia, w szczególności w stosunku do wierzyciela egzekwującego

Bioaerosols on Tri-city (Gdańsk-Sopot-Gdynia) beaches

Bioaerosol formation is an important process of mass and energy exchange between the sea and the atmosphere by means of droplets of marine dust. Studies of marine aerosol activity developed in the last decades of the 20th century. Those studies revealed that concentrations of bacteria in aerosol droplets were hundreds of times higher than were those measured in superficial marine waters. Moreover, it was determined that aerosol activity at sea can influence the sanitary condition of the air, especially in seaside areas. Examinations of air composition in coastal regions were performed on the beaches of the Tri-city, Sobieszewo, and Komary. Airborne microorganisms were also investigated in the marine zone at the Vistula river mouth. The air samples were collected by a filtration method using Sartorius apparatus. The exposed filters were then placed onto agar media in Petri dishes and incubated. All measurements are expressed in CFU/m3, i.e. colony forming units per cubic metre of examined air. Meteorological parameters such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed and direction were also measured. The obtained results revealed statistically significant trends between the total number of bacteria and fungal spores, and the sampling season. The greatest number of microorganisms was noted in spring and autumn. Correlation analysis showed that a statistically significant relationship exists between the microbial abundance and the wind direction, wind speed, and the sampling site location. The maximum number of fungal spores was detected in the areas of Gdynia and Gdansk Brzeźno when south-west winds were blowing from the land. The highest number of bacteria was observed at the sampling stations located closest to the Vistula river mouth (Sobieszewo and Komary). Int Marit Health 2010; 61, 1: 41-4

THE EVALUATION OF SELECTED AGRO-TOURIST FARMS IN POLAND IN KUJAWYPOMORZE REGION

The aim of the paper was evaluation of selected agro-tourist farms in Poland. Research covered 10 tourist farms situated in Kujawy-Pomorze region, 5 were located in Żnin administrative unit and 5 in Golub-Dobrzyń administrative unit. The evaluation of accommodation standard, food and offered services in tested agro-tourist farms was done on the basis of the questionnaire-polls addressed to owners of these farms and guests who were there staying (done in July and August 2005). Among tourist 70% had full-board (3 meals) in 40% prepared from products coming from the farm. Own vegetables (in 70%) and poultry were used. Among respondents 84% thought that meals are varied and 68% that they are rich in all nutritional components. Most asked tourist making up 60% stated that accommodation and food standard is good. This case should be improved because the development of agro-tourism is done in regions, where favourable environmentally virtues with high accommodation and food standard are connected

Analytics of new psychoactive substances (NPS) : in search of optimal solutions

In recent years, new psychoactive substances (NPS) have become a popular alternative to traditional drugs. In the European Union Early Warning System of European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) the number of NPS increases each year. These substances known as legal highs or designer drugs are popular in particular among young people, mostly due to their price and availability. They are usually made in China and then sold in online stores. The variability of these substances and the lack of knowledge of their chemical structure and their metabolic changes pose a great challenge for toxicological analysis. Deaths caused by these drugs are underestimated due to their occurrence as a mixture of multiple drugs, further causing analytical problems. Difficulties in detecting NPS are also noticeable at diagnosis of intoxication, which carries the risk of misinterpretation and improper treatment. Rapid and inexpensive immunoassays used for drug detection have not yet been used in the identification of NPS. This is due to the dynamic changes on the drug market, which make it difficult to create appropriately sensitive and selective screening tests to identify an unknown substance. The production of specific antibodies takes a long time, often exceeding the duration of the presence of the substance in the illicit market. Scientists believe that mass spectrometry-based methods should be used to search for NPS in biological samples because they are sensitive and allow the determination of a specific compound with proper reliability. The use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in the context of screening may be a future strategy and alternative to classic drug tests. Nevertheless, the cost and time-consuming nature of this method currently exclude its use in routine diagnostics. An additional difficulty in carrying out identification is the presence of NPS in body fluids at low concentrations and frequently a short half-life time. In this article, we pay attention to the current analytical problems related to the detection of NPS

Spectroscopic and structural properties of CeO2 nanocrystals doped with La3+, Nd3+ and modified on their surface with Ag nanoparticles

The purpose of this work is to present our efforts focused on applications of chemical synthesis of nanocrystalline cerium dioxide (CeO2) powders doped with La3+ ions and CeO2:Nd3+ modified, on their surface, with Ag nanoparticles (NPs). The synthesized powders were examined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), absorption, emission spectroscopy, scanning electron (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The relations between crystallographic properties and stability of CeO2 compounds doped by La ions and surface-modified by Ag were studied. XRD patterns revealed that all studied samples are single-phase and crystallized in the cubic fluorite-type structure, in space group Fm-3m. The average crystallite sizes estimated by Rietveld method of series: La-doped CeO2 were in the range of 7–14 nm, and CeO2:1%Nd3+/n-Ag (n: 1- 5wt.%) were found to be in the range of 29–34 nm, respectively. The lattice parameter a for La-doped CeO2 powders varying from 5.416 to 5.482 Å with increasing content of La3+ ions from 0 to 20wt.%, respectively. For series of CeO2:Nd3+/n-Ag materials lattice parameter a was at the same level and in accordance with the standard value a0 = 5.411 Å (ICDD - 43-1002). The SEM and AFM observations depicted the grainy structure of all obtained CeO2-powder samples. The estimated grain size ranged from 50 to 500 nm. The diverse grain shapes and packing was remarked in the samples. According to our knowledge, the relationship between the structural, spectroscopic and morphological characteristics of CeO2 samples was presented in this work for the first time.Web of Science75art. no. e0695

Surface modification of activated carbon with silver nanoparticles for electrochemical double layer capacitors

In the present work, we report the synthesis of surface modified activated carbon (AC). The surface of the activated carbon have been modified by using silver nanoparticles. The synthesis process is simple, cost effective and environment friendly. The modified-AC powders have been characterized by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and surface area and pore size measurements. The electrochemical performance of the prepared materials have been tested by fabricating symmetric configuration of EDLC by using magnesium-ion based polymer electrolytes. The cells have been tested by using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge-discharge technique. AC with 3 wt% of silver presents best results with specific capacitance of the order of 398 F g(-1) energy density and power density of 55 Wh kg(-1) and 2.4 kW kg(-1) making it an interesting material for supercapacitor application.Web of Science54art. no. 10536

Structural studies and selected physical investigations of LiCoO2 obtained by combustion synthesis

Nanocrystalline powders of LiCoO2 were synthesized using a modified solution combustion method, and the effects of the annealing temperature (450-900 degrees C) on structure and composition were investigated using various methods, including XRD, SEM, EPR, and electrical studies. It was found that, as the process temperature increases, the value of the specific surface area decreases, and, hence, the size of the crystallites increases. XRD analysis showed that phase-pure LiCoO2 material was maintained without ad-ditional phases. EPR studies revealed the presence of two Ni3+ complexes resulting from Ni impurities. The electrical properties of the studied LiCoO2 samples were investigated by using impedance spectroscopy. Comparison of the effect of annealing tempera-ture on electrical conductivity shows a very interesting behavior. As the annealing temperature increases, the DC conductivity value increases, reaching a maximum at a temperature of 500 degrees C. However, further increase in the annealing temperature causes a steady decrease in the DC conductivity.Web of Science131482147

Formation of Fe and Ni substituted LiMn2-XMXO4 nanopowders and their crystal and electronic structure and magnetic properties

The Pechini sol-gel method was applied to obtain LiMn2-xTxO4 (T = Ni, Fe; x = 0.1 to 0.5) nanopowders. Crystal and electronic structures, chemical composition and magnetic properties of the materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, XPS, SEM/EDX microscopy, prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGAA), Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility, respectively. XRD measurements showed that the LiMn2-xNixO4 were single phase for x = 0.1 and 0.2. Three samples with higher Ni content contained some addition of a second phase. Analysis of the oxidation state of the dopants by XPS revealed ionic Ni2+ and Fe3+. Mössbauer spectroscopy also confirmed 3+ oxidation state of iron and its location in octahedral sites, which excluded the inverse spinel configuration. XPS examinations showed that Mn3+ ions dominated in the iron substituted series whereas the Mn4+ was dominant in the nickel serie