SIGNIFIKATORY OBLIGATYWNOŚCI W POLSKIM I HISZPAŃSKIM KODEKSIE CYWILNYM

In this paper the significators (i. e. linguistic indicators) of one of the deontic meanings, viz. obligation, in the Polish and Spanish civil codes are presented and compared. The significators of obligation which can be words (classified according to the part of speech they belong to) or syntagms, were identified as a result of an analisis of the corpus. Also, the contex of a normative text (here: statutory instruments) can be the only significator of obligation in a sentence which appeared in such a text. In order to provide a more precise description, the significators are classified according to the semantic category of the word which is the subject of the sentence where the significator appeared. It is also indicated whether a significator is used in the present or future tense.Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie i porównanie językowych wykładników jednego ze znaczeń modalności deontycznej, tj. obligatywności (nakazu) w polskim i hiszpańskim kodeksie cywilnym. Na podstawie analizy z tekstów korpusu zostały wyróżnione signifikatory (wykładniki językowe przenoszące znaczenie obligatywności), którymi mogą być wyrazy (podzielone według kategorii partyoratywnej, do której należą) oraz syntagmy. Signifikatorem obligatywności może być również kontekst tekstu normatywnego (tu ustawy). W proponowanym opisie wszystkie signifikatory zostały pogrupowane według kategorii semantycznej wyrazu będącego podmiotem w zdaniu, w którym wystąpił dany signifikator. Zaznaczono również, czy dany signifikator występuje w korpusie w czasie teraźniejszym czy przyszłym

SELECTED PROPOSALS TO REFORM LEGAL LANGUAGE IN SPAIN

W artykule omawiane są propozycje reformy hiszpańskiego języka prawnego na przykładzie wybranych wniosków z prac Komisji ds. Modernizacji Języka Prawa (Comisión para la modernización del lenguaje jurídico), które dotyczą języka przepisów prawnych. Analizowane są również postulaty stosowania języka równościowego w języku prawnym i administracyjnym, wysuwane przez różne środowiska i publikowane w ostatnich latach w Hiszpanii w formie coraz liczniejszych poradników. Porusza się także kwestię krytyki, jakiej poddaje niektóre z tych postulatów Hiszpańska Akademia Królewska (Real Academia Española).The article presents proposals of reforming the Spanish legal language, exemplifying them with selected conclusions of the Spanish Commission for the Modernization of Legal Language (Comisión para la modernización del lenguaje jurídico) concerning the language of legal regulations. It also studies proposals of applying gender equality in legal and administrative language which in recent years have been being put forward by various groups and published in form of numerous manuals. It also deals with the criticism to which the Royal Spanish Academy (Real Academia Española) has subjected some of these manuals

OPIS PARAMETRYCZNY MODALNOŚCI DEONTYCZNEJ W POLSKIM I HISZPAŃSKIM KODEKSIE CYWILNYM

The article presents a parameter-based method of description of deontic modality in the Polish and Spanish civil codes. The described units are clauses conveying deontic meanings: obligativity, prohibitivity, permissivity and immunitivity. The clauses are excerpted from the corpus on the basis of criteria proposed for this purpose. Clauses conveying deontic meanings are characterized by various properties. Homogeneous properties are classified into parameters (dimensions). As a theoretical framework for a consistent description of the clauses, eight parameters have been proposed on the basis of an analysis of all clauses conveying deontic meanings. The method proposed for describing clauses conveying deontic meanings makes it possible to characterize them systematically and compare them intra- and interlingually. The comparison of the clauses also enables the entire texts of the Polish and Spanish civil codes to be comparedAbstrakt: Artykuł przedstawia parametryczny (bazujący na wymiarach) aparat teoretyczny służący do systematycznego opisu modalności deontycznej w polskim i hiszpańskim kodeksie cywilnym. Jednostkami opisu są zdania przenoszące następujące znaczenia deontyczne: obligatywność, prohibitywność, permisywność i immunitywność. Zdania te wyodrębniono z kodeksu na podstawie zaproponowanych kryteriów. Zdania wykazują cechy różnego rodzaju. Cechy, które są ze sobą porównywalne, czyli tego samego rodzaju, pogrupowane zostały w zbiory nazywane parametrami. Na podstawie analizy wszystkich zdań przenoszących znaczenia deontyczne zaproponowano osiem wymiarów. Zaproponowana metoda pozwala porównywać zdania przenoszące znaczenia deontyczne ze sobą zarówno w obrębie jednego języka, jak i między oboma językami. To z kolei pozwala na systematyczne porównanie całych tekstów polskiego i hiszpańskiego kodeksu cywilnego

Analysis of the Bioaugmentation Potential of Pseudomonas putida OR45a and Pseudomonas putida KB3 in the Sequencing Batch Reactors Fed with the Phenolic Landfill Leachate

The treatment of landfill leachate could be challenging for the biological wastewater treatment systems due to its high toxicity and the presence of poorly biodegradable contaminants. In this study, the bioaugmentation technology was successfully applied in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) fed with the phenolic landfill leachate by inoculation of the activated sludge (AS) with two phenol-degrading Pseudomonas putida OR45a and Pseudomonas putida KB3 strains. According to the results, the SBRs bioaugmented with Pseudomonas strains withstood the increasing concentrations of the leachate. This resulted in the higher removal efficiency of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 79–86%, ammonia nitrogen of 87–88% and phenolic compounds of 85–96% as compared to 45%, 64%, and 50% for the noninoculated SBR. Simultaneously, the bioaugmentation of the AS allowed to maintain the high enzymatic activity of dehydrogenases, nonspecific esterases, and catalase in this ecosystem, which contributed to the higher functional capacity of indigenous microorganisms than in the noninoculated AS. Herein, the stress level experienced by the microorganisms in the SBRs fed with the leachate computed based on the cellular ATP measurements showed that the abundance of exogenous Pseudomonas strains in the bioreactors contributed to the reduction in effluent toxicity, which was reflected by a decrease in the stress biomass index to 32–45% as compared to the nonbioaugmented AS (76%)

Selecting Bacteria Candidates for the Bioaugmentation of Activated Sludge to Improve the Aerobic Treatment of Landfill Leachate

In this study, a multifaceted approach for selecting the suitable candidates for bioaugmentation of activated sludge (AS) that supports leachate treatment was used. To determine the exploitation of 10 bacterial strains isolated from the various matrices for inoculating the AS contaminated with the Kalina pond leachate (KPL), their degradative potential was analyzed along with their aptitude to synthesize compounds improving remediation of pollutants in wastewater and ability to incorporate into the AS flocs. Based on their capability to degrade aromatic compounds (primarily catechol, phenol, and cresols) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL and survive in 12.5% of the KPL, Pseudomonas putida OR45a and P. putida KB3 can be considered to be the best candidates for bioaugmentation of the AS among all of the bacteria tested. Genomic analyses of these two strains revealed the presence of the genes encoding enzymes related to the metabolism of aromatic compounds. Additionally, both microorganisms exhibited a high hydrophobic propensity (above 50%) and an ability to produce biosurfactants as well as high resistance to ammonium (above 600 g/mL) and heavy metals (especially chromium). These properties enable the exploitation of both bacterial strains in the bioremediation of the AS contaminated with the KPL

Effects of Low Concentration of Selected Analgesics and Successive Bioaugmentation of the Activated Sludge on Its Activity and Metabolic Diversity

In this study, we evaluated the impact of the successive bioaugmentation of the activated sludge (AS) with the defined bacterial consortium on the activity and functional capacity of the AS microorganisms. In parallel, the removal of low concentrations of the selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac) and analgesic paracetamol was studied. We found that the addition of the bacterial consortium consisting of three pharmaceuticals-degrading strains Bacillus thuringiensis B1 (2015b), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2, and Pseudomonas moorei KB4 into the AS did not cause any significant changes in the biomass abundance and metabolic activity of the AS microorganisms. Although, the successive bioaugmentation of the AS caused a slight increase in the metabolic diversity, the intensity of carbohydrates usage, and metabolic richness. Microorganisms in the bioaugmented and non-bioaugmented AS were able to degrade the mixture of the analyzed drugs with similar e ciency, however, diclofenac was removed more e ectively in the bioaugmented AS. Several metabolites were identified and e ciently utilized, with the exception of 4-OH diclofenac. Two new diclofenac-degrading strains assigned as Serratia proteamaculans AS4 and Rahnella bruchi AS7 were isolated from the diclofenac-treated AS

Tyrosol and Hydroxytyrosol: Their Role in Cardioprotection

Introduction: Recent research are focused on natural compounds for preventing cardiovascular diseases, with emphasis on tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol in olive oil. Cardiovascular diseases are linked to risk factors, and adopting a Mediterranean diet rich in these compounds is recognized for reducing risks.  Understanding these compounds' actions may inform new strategies for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases.  Aim: The aim of this paper is a systematic review of articles and research regarding the Role of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol in Cardioprotection  Review methods: An systematic review of scientific literature was conducted using the following keywords: Tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, cardioprotection, cardiovascular diseases, olive oil cardioprotective role. Thirty-four articles published until 2023 were searched and analyzed.  Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, prominent in olive oil, are studied for their potential cardioprotective properties. Linked to a Mediterranean diet, these compounds show promise in reducing cardiovascular disease risk. They counter oxidative stress, improve lipid profiles, and modulate inflammatory processes. Clinical studies suggest their positive impact, with tyrosol also explored as a potential anticoagulant. Ongoing research aims to uncover optimal doses and mechanisms, highlighting their significance in cardiovascular health.  Conclusions: Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, found in olive oil, show promise in cardioprotection by combating oxidative stress, improving lipid profiles, and modulating inflammation. Clinical studies suggest their positive impact on cardiovascular health. Tyrosol has potential as a anticoagulant and exhibits antioxidant effects. These compounds present a compelling avenue for future therapeutic interventions, with emphasis on understanding mechanisms and optimizing supplementation.&nbsp

LEGAL COMMUNICATION AND THE IDEA OF PLAIN LANGUAGE: PASSIBILITIES AND LIMITATION

In today’s times, there is increasing attention paid to the recipients of legal texts and legal documents which can be very complex and incomprehensible to laypeople. However, these texts must be correctly understood by them, as these individuals are also subject to the law. It is debated whether it is worth simplifying texts from the law field, what the consequences of doing that are, and if it is worth doing, then by what methods would allow for achieving the most efficient and satisfactory results. Researchers recognize numerous possibilities and limitations arising from the concept of plain legal language, in the spirit of which legal texts are simplified. The purpose of this paper is to examine the solutions proposed by researchers in the field of simplifying legal and juridical texts, to identify the most satisfactory ones among them, and to share observations on why it is necessary, and even essential, to allocate increasing space in legal-linguistic discussions to the concept of plain language. It is also suggested that European countries can serve as an example in the process of striving towards increasingly effective measures aimed at simplifying legal and juridical text