The bacteriology of ''clean rooms'' progress report, 1 oct. 1964 - 31 mar. 1965

Clean room bacteriology - ambient air and bench top microbial contamination levels, and degree of environmental control in production area

UNITED STATES-LATIN AMERICAN TRADE RELATIONS: IMPORTANCE TO U.S. AGRICULTURAL POLICY DECISIONS

International Relations/Trade,

Better exam results : how students and school leadership learn when introducing new technology such as OneNote in school

This thesis describes the project Better exam results where the software OneNote was introduced into School X with the view to better students’ exam results. Through observations, a survey and interviews we investigate how students use and collaborate with the help of OneNote. The thesis questions are twofold. They have their basis in the project “better exam results” which we were a part of. We were interested in seeing how students interact and learn with technology and we wanted to see what reflections the leadership group had upon the process of introducing a new digital tool. Our thesis questions thus became: 1) How do students see their learning situation with the use of OneNote at School X? 2) How does the leadership group at School X reflect upon the process of introducing OneNote? We have used a socio-cultural approach when it comes to analysing student data, with Vygotsky’s term Zone of Proximal Development as a starting point. We have further used the terms mediated action and cultural tools when it comes to carrying out the analysis of the student data. When analysing the leadership group reflections we have used the theory of distributed leadership as presented by Spillane. We also use Hargreaves to understand the dynamics within the leadership group. OneNote is software which is used to take notes. It belongs to the MicroSoft family but has not had massive use. We saw the software as a good tool for our students. OneNote is searchable, easy to understand and use and has the possibility to be used by students in collaboration. Hence, it seemed a good idea to give our students the opportunity to use it. When it comes to method we have decided on a cross sectional study design where we have carried out four classroom observations, a survey among our 1st year students, two group interviews with students, all with the view of finding out how students reflect upon their own learning situation with the help of the tool OneNote. To understand the reflections the leadership group expresses we have studied a transcript of a leadership conversation evaluating the introduction of the project. Both analyses is carried out to see where the participants stand at one point in time. Our main findings are that the students find the tool useful and that well over 80% use the tool daily or several times a week, but that many students are mainly unaware of the level of their own cooperation. The leadership perspective shows that projects like this needs to be firmly based within the leadership group

Fish intake, erythrocyte n-3 fatty acid status and metabolic health in Danish adolescent girls and boys

Marinen-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA) may have a beneficial effect on several aspects of the metabolic syndrome (dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, hypertension and abdominal obesity). The metabolic syndrome is increasing in prevalence during adolescence, but only few studies have investigated the effects ofn-3 LCPUFA in adolescence. The present study examines associations between fish intake (assessed by a 7 d pre-coded food diary), erythrocyte (RBC) DHA status (analysed by GC) and metabolic syndrome measures (anthropometry, blood pressure and plasma lipids, insulin and glucose) in 109 17-year-old children from the Copenhagen Birth Cohort Study. Of the children, 8 % were overweight or obese and few showed signs of the metabolic syndrome, but all the metabolic syndrome variables were correlated. Median fish intake was 10·7 (interquartile range 3·6–21·2) g/d. Boys tended to have a higher fish intake (P = 0·052), but girls had significantly higher RBC levels of DHA (P = 0·001). Sex and fish intake explained 37 % of the variance in RBC-DHA (P &lt; 0·001). After adjusting for confounders, high DHA status was found to be significantly correlated with higher systolic blood pressure (P = 0·014) and increased fasting insulin (P = 0·018), but no adverse association was observed with the mean metabolic syndromez-score. Overall, the present study showed the expected association between fish intake and RBC-DHA, which in contrast to our expectations tended to be associated with a poorer metabolic profile. Whether these results reflect the physiological function ofn-3 LCPUFA, lifestyle factors associated with fish intake in Denmark, or mere chance remains to be investigated.</jats:p

Fish oil supplementation from 9 to 18 months of age affects the insulin-like growth factor axis in a sex-specific manner in Danish infants

AbstractSeveral studies have investigated the effects of fish oil (FO) on infant growth, but little is known about the effects of FO and sex on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), the main regulator of growth in childhood. We explored whether FOv. sunflower oil (SO) supplementation from 9 to 18 months of age affected IGF-1 and its binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and whether the potential effects were sex specific. Danish infants (n115) were randomly allocated to 5 ml/d FO (1·2 g/dn-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA)) or SO. We measured growth, IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and erythrocyte EPA, a biomarker ofn-3 LCPUFA intake and status, at 9 and 18 months. Erythrocyte EPA increased strongly with FO compared with SO (P&lt;0·001). There were no effects of FO compared with SO on IGF-1 in the total population, but a sex×group interaction (P=0·02). Baseline-adjusted IGF-1 at 18 months was 11·1 µg/l (95 % CI 0·4, 21·8;P=0·04) higher after FO compared with SO supplementation among boys only. The sex×group interaction was borderline significant in the model of IGFBP-3 (P=0·09), with lower IGFBP-3 with FO compared with SO among girls only (P=0·03). The results were supported by sex-specific dose–response associations between changes in erythrocyte EPA and changes in IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 (bothP&lt;0·03). Moreover, IGF-1 was sex specifically associated with BMI and length. In conclusion, FO compared with SO resulted in higher IGF-1 among boys and lower IGFBP-3 among girls. The potential long-term implications for growth and body composition should be investigated further.</jats:p

Cross-cultural adaptation and reliability analysis of the Brazilian version of Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS)

BACKGROUND: The Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) was developed from a modified version of the Berg Balance Scale aiming to obtain a balance scale more appropriate for the child population. OBJECTIVES: To adapt the PBS into Brazilian-Portuguese and to evaluate the intra and inter-rater reliability of the Brazilian-Portuguese version of PBS. METHODS: To perform the cross-cultural adaptation of the American version of PBS four translators were involved, who have performed two translations and their respective back-translations. Then, a review by a multidisciplinary committee and a subsequent an assessment of the equivalence of meaning between the back-translations and the original English scale were performed by 3 and 30 healthcare professionals respectively. The intra-rater reliability of the final version of the Brazilian-Portuguese PBS was evaluated using a test-retest design with one-week interval. The Brazilian-Portuguese version of the PBS was tested twice on the same day by two different raters to test the inter-rater reliability. The inter-rater reliability, which was measured from a video of the volunteers performance, was evaluated by comparing the score given by five raters independently. Reliability was evaluated by Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Fifteen volunteers (11±2.7 years) diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy (CP) classified at level I and II on the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) were assessed. RESULTS: The reliability of the PBS total score for both intra-rater (ICC=0.85) and inter-rater (ICC=0.91) was excellent. The inter-rater reliability (measured from the video) for the total score was also classified as excellent (ICC=0.98). CONCLUSION: The results showed adequate reliability for the PBS for pediatric population with CP diagnostic classified at level I and II on the GMFCS.CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: A Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) foi desenvolvida a partir de uma modificação da Escala de Equilíbrio de Berg (EEB), visando obter uma escala de equilíbrio mais apropriada para a população infantil. OBJETIVOS: Adaptar para o português-Brasil e avaliar a confiabilidade intra-avaliador e interavaliadores/observadores da versão brasileira da PBS. MÉTODOS: Para a adaptação cultural da versão americana da PBS, foram envolvidos quatro tradutores que realizaram duas traduções e respectivas retrotraduções, uma revisão por um comitê multidisciplinar e uma avaliação subsequente da equivalência de significado entre as retrotraduções e o original (respectivamente três e 30 profissionais da área de saúde). A confiabilidade intra-avaliador da escala final em Português - Escala de Equilíbrio Pediátrica (EEP) - foi avaliada comparando-se duas avaliações repetidas pelo mesmo avaliador com o intervalo de uma semana. A confiabilidade interavaliadores foi testada comparando-se as avaliações de dois avaliadores diferentes que realizaram o teste no mesmo dia. A confiabilidade interobservadores, a partir do vídeo do desempenho dos voluntários, foi avaliada por meio da comparação da pontuação dada independentemente por cinco observadores. A confiabilidade foi avaliada por meio do Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI). Foram avaliados 15 voluntários (11±2,7 anos) com diagnóstico de Paralisia Cerebral (PC), classificados nos níveis I e II do Sistema de Classificação da Função Motora Grossa (GMFCS). RESULTADOS: A confiabilidade para o escore total da EEP foi excelente tanto para o teste intra-avaliador (CCI=0,85) como para o interavaliadores (CCI=0.91). A confiabilidade interobservadores (a partir do vídeo) para o escore total foi excelente (CCI=0,98). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados mostraram confiabilidade adequada para a EEP para a população pediátrica com diagnóstico de PC classificada nos níveis I e II do GMFCS.Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina Postgraduate Program in Physical TherapyUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)UNIFESPSciEL

Bioimpedance index for measurement of total body water in severely malnourished children: Assessing the effect of nutritional oedema

Restoration of body composition indicates successful management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM). Bioimpedance (BI) index (height(2)/resistance) is used to predict total body water (TBW) but its performance in SAM, especially with oedema, requires further investigation