Physiological, neuromuscular and perceived exertion responses in badminton games

The purpose of this study was to characterise the physiological, neuromuscular and perceived exertion variables during a badminton match and to assess the influence of these variables on the characteristics of the game. Each variable was measured before, every ten minutes, and ten and twenty minutes after a badminton game. Using a lactate device, a heart rate monitor, an accelerometric system, a dynamometer, a camera and a Borg scale, twelve games between elite players were analysed. An increase was found in the heart rate, blood lactate and in the recovery time, while a decrease was found in the power output of the lower and upper limb joints and shot frequency. These results suggest the capability of the players to preserve a high intensity of performance for as long as possible despite general fatigue. The fatigue induced by changes in physiological variables is affected more by the intensity of the stroke rather than the duration of the rallies. The perceived exertion is thought to be a combination of attentional and neuromuscular fatigue rather than related to changes in metabolites. Consequently, in future studies, researchers and trainers should consider the fatigue state as a means to increase players’ ability

Biomechanical, physiological determinants and physical modeling of performance on badminton

Tout comme l’entraînement, la recherche en science du sport est un facteur déterminant de la performance sportive. À travers l’étude d’une activité physique intermittente, le badminton, le prisme des concepts biomécaniques, physiologiques et physiques convergent vers une approche pluridisciplinaire des déterminants de la performance sportive. Ainsi, l’objectif de l’ensemble de ce travail doctoral est, à la fois, la prédiction de la performance en badminton et la compréhension des mécanismes de production d’une vitesse de volant proche des 500 km/h. Les réponses physiologiques et neuromusculaires ont permis la mise en place d’un test discriminant spécifique, prédictif du niveau d’expertise, et proche des situations écologiques d’un match. Paradoxalement, les causes des mécanismes neurophysiologiques liés à la fatigue induite lors d’un match prolongé restent toutefois inconnues. Il apparaît primordial d’approfondir les dits mécanismes vraisemblablement à l’origine de la diminution de la performance sportive. Les évolutions des observables de match, de la force maximale et de la puissance des membres supérieurs et inférieurs convergent vers une diminution progressive au cours de la pratique. Corollairement, la compréhension des mécanismes d’optimisation de la vitesse du volant a permis de mettre en exergue des principes biomécaniques et physiques déterminant lors de la prédiction d’une grande vitesse de volant lors d’une performance maximale. En effet, les principes d’adjonction des segments et d’étirement-renvoi influencent largement la vitesse de la main. En complément, le principe de bras de levier et l’effet élastique de la raquette permettent également d’accroître la vitesse de la raquette. Enfin, la conservation de la quantité de mouvement et le coefficient de restitution contribuent finalement à la vitesse du volant.Just like training, sport science research is a key factor in sports performance. Through the study of intermittent physical activity, in this case badminton, biomechanical, physiological and physical concepts emerge and offer a multidisciplinary approach of the determinants of sport performance. Thus, the goal of this doctoral work is both the study of badminton in the performance prediction and the understanding of the mechanisms in the production of wheel velocity close to 500 km/h. The physiological and neuromuscular responses enabled the establishment of a specific discriminatory test, predicting the level of expertise, and close to the ecological conditions of a match. Paradoxically, the causes of neurophysiological mechanisms associated with the fatigue induced by a prolonged game remain unknown. It appears heuristic to further study those mechanisms which are at the origin of a decrease in athletic performance. The evolution of observable match variables, the maximum strength and the power of the upper and lower limbs converge towards a gradual decrease in the practice. As a corollary, the understanding of the optimisation of the speed of the flywheel mechanisms helped to highlight the biomechanical and physical principles, essential in predicting a large wheel speed during a maximum performance. Indeed, the principles of adding segments and stretching shortening cycle largely influence the speed of the hand. In addition, the principle of the lever arm and the elastic effect of the racket also increase the speed of the racket. Finally, the conservation of the momentum and the restitution coefficient ultimately contribute to the speed of the shuttlecock

Déterminants biomécanique, physiologique et modélisation physique de la performance en badminton

Just like training, sport science research is a key factor in sports performance. Through the study of intermittent physical activity, in this case badminton, biomechanical, physiological and physical concepts emerge and offer a multidisciplinary approach of the determinants of sport performance. Thus, the goal of this doctoral work is both the study of badminton in the performance prediction and the understanding of the mechanisms in the production of wheel velocity close to 500 km/h. The physiological and neuromuscular responses enabled the establishment of a specific discriminatory test, predicting the level of expertise, and close to the ecological conditions of a match. Paradoxically, the causes of neurophysiological mechanisms associated with the fatigue induced by a prolonged game remain unknown. It appears heuristic to further study those mechanisms which are at the origin of a decrease in athletic performance. The evolution of observable match variables, the maximum strength and the power of the upper and lower limbs converge towards a gradual decrease in the practice. As a corollary, the understanding of the optimisation of the speed of the flywheel mechanisms helped to highlight the biomechanical and physical principles, essential in predicting a large wheel speed during a maximum performance. Indeed, the principles of adding segments and stretching shortening cycle largely influence the speed of the hand. In addition, the principle of the lever arm and the elastic effect of the racket also increase the speed of the racket. Finally, the conservation of the momentum and the restitution coefficient ultimately contribute to the speed of the shuttlecock.Tout comme l’entraînement, la recherche en science du sport est un facteur déterminant de la performance sportive. À travers l’étude d’une activité physique intermittente, le badminton, le prisme des concepts biomécaniques, physiologiques et physiques convergent vers une approche pluridisciplinaire des déterminants de la performance sportive. Ainsi, l’objectif de l’ensemble de ce travail doctoral est, à la fois, la prédiction de la performance en badminton et la compréhension des mécanismes de production d’une vitesse de volant proche des 500 km/h. Les réponses physiologiques et neuromusculaires ont permis la mise en place d’un test discriminant spécifique, prédictif du niveau d’expertise, et proche des situations écologiques d’un match. Paradoxalement, les causes des mécanismes neurophysiologiques liés à la fatigue induite lors d’un match prolongé restent toutefois inconnues. Il apparaît primordial d’approfondir les dits mécanismes vraisemblablement à l’origine de la diminution de la performance sportive. Les évolutions des observables de match, de la force maximale et de la puissance des membres supérieurs et inférieurs convergent vers une diminution progressive au cours de la pratique. Corollairement, la compréhension des mécanismes d’optimisation de la vitesse du volant a permis de mettre en exergue des principes biomécaniques et physiques déterminant lors de la prédiction d’une grande vitesse de volant lors d’une performance maximale. En effet, les principes d’adjonction des segments et d’étirement-renvoi influencent largement la vitesse de la main. En complément, le principe de bras de levier et l’effet élastique de la raquette permettent également d’accroître la vitesse de la raquette. Enfin, la conservation de la quantité de mouvement et le coefficient de restitution contribuent finalement à la vitesse du volant

Changes in the Game Characteristics of a Badminton Match: A Longitudinal Study through the Olympic Game Finals Analysis in Men’s Singles

The goal of this study was to analyze, through a longitudinal study, the Olympic Badminton Men’s singles finals from the Barcelona Games (1992) to the London Games (2012) to assess some changes of the Badminton game characteristics. Six Olympic finals have been analyzed based on the official video of the Olympic Games (OG) through the temporal structure and with a notational approach. In total, 537 rallies and 5537 strokes have been analyzed. The results show a change in the game’s temporal structure: a significant difference in the rally time, rest time and number of shots per rally (all p<0.0001; 0.09 < η2 < 0.16). Moreover, the shot frequency shows a 34.0% increase (p<0.000001; η2 = 0.17), whereas the work density revealed a 58.2% decrease (from 78% to 30.8%) as well as the effective playing time (-34.5% from 34.7±1.4% to 22.7±1.4%). This argues for an increase in the intensity of the game and a necessity for the player to use a longer resting time to recover. Lastly, the strokes distribution and the percentage of unforced and forced mistakes did not show any differences throughout the OG analysis, except for the use of the clear. This results impact on the way the training of Badminton players should be designed, especially in the temporal structure and intensity

Prolégomènes d'étude : les pratiquants de badminton

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Fiabilidad y validez del sensor de movimiento y el radar para medir la velocidad del volante en bádminton. Fiabilidad y validez para medir la velocidad en bádminton

Radar doppler and inertial measurement unit are often used to analyze the projectile velocity. The aim of the present study was to analyse the reliability and validity of a specifically motion sensor (named: Zepp Tennis) and a radar (Doppler-radar gun) for measuring projectile velocity. Thirty-four (novice, intermediate and expert) stroke badminton smash in a located target. Projectile velocity from five smashes were extracted using Zepp Tennis and Doppler-radar gun data. Between reproducibility of measures was determined by comparing the two sessions. Zepp Tennis and Doppler-radar gun measures were compared with high-frequency video data to establish validity. Both instruments were highly reproducible between trials at different velocity (intra-class correlation coefficient: 0.88- 0.94 for radar and 0.78-0.89 for motion sensor). In addition, the positioning of the radar (front of the projectile and angulation) and the placement of the motion sensor and the complexity of the movement (forearm extension and pronation) affect the reproducibility. In terms of validity, radar and motion sensor provides an accurate measure but underestimate projectile velocity (-9.7% and -13.6% respectively).El radar Doppler y la unidad de medición inercial se utilizan a menudo para analizar la velocidad del proyectil. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la fiabilidad y la validez de un sensor de movimiento (denominado Zepp Tennis) y un radar (pistola de radar Doppler) para medir la velocidad del proyectil. Treinta y cuatro jugadores (novatos, intermedios y expertos) realizaron golpes de bádminton en un objetivo localizado. Se extrajo la velocidad del proyectil de cinco golpes utilizando los datos del Zepp Tennis y de la pistola de radar Doppler. La reproducibilidad entre las medidas se determinó comparando las dos sesiones. Las medidas del Zepp Tennis y de la pistola de radar Doppler se compararon con los datos de vídeo de alta frecuencia para establecer su validez. Ambos instrumentos fueron altamente reproducibles entre las pruebas a diferente velocidad (coeficiente de correlación intraclase: 0,88-0,94 para el radar y 0,78-0,89 para el sensor de movimiento). Además, la ubicación del radar (en frente del proyectil y angulación), la ubicación del sensor de movimiento y la complejidad del movimiento (extensión y pronación del antebrazo) afectan a la reproducibilidad. En términos de validez, el radar y el sensor de movimiento proporcionan una medida precisa, pero subestiman la velocidad del proyectil (-9,7% y -13,6% respectivamente)

Les nouveaux outils technologiques dans le milieu du sport

La science du sport a permis de comprendre les adaptations de l’humain face à des efforts extrêmes. Pour obtenir des informations précises, la technologie a ouvert le champ des possibles. Avec l’arrivée du microscope, on a pu voir les virus et les microbes invisibles à l’œil nu. Cependant, ces outils scientifiques onéreux ne peuvent être utilisés sans compréhension des résultats. L’apparition de la chronophotographie a favorisé la quantification du mouvement et le développement de la cinématique moderne. Ces nouvelles méthodes ont fait apparaître de nouvelles informations amenant à d’autres perspectives. Toutefois, la capture cinématique en laboratoire est contraignante pour le sportif et celui-ci ne se retrouve plus dans son « milieu naturel ». Pour répondre à cela, scientifiques et ingénieurs ont mis au point, à l’aide des technologies actuelles, des systèmes afin de recueillir des données sur le terrain. À travers l’arrivée des smartphones et des appareils photos intégrés, ils ont amélioré la portabilité du système et l’obtention des variables. De cela, de nouvelles données émergent et complètent les connaissances déjà obtenues. Ainsi, la quantité d’informations devient importante et le choix de la pertinence ou des variable(s) clé(s) peut être altérée.Sports Science has made it possible to study human performance during extreme efforts. The arrival of the microscope gave scientists the opportunity to see viruses and microscopic organisms previously invisible to the naked eye. However, these scientific tools are expensive and require specialized skills for their use. With chronophotography human movement could be quantified and kinematic studies carried out. Nevertheless, the drawback to cinematic images taken in the laboratory is that athletes are no longer in real life situations. To overcome this problem, scientists and engineers are using modern technological advances to collect data. Smart phones and integrated cameras have the advantage of both portability and data recording. As a result, new information has been acquired which supplements the knowledge already obtained. In this way the amount of data has increased and consequently relevant key variables can be modified

Conduite d’un projet transdisciplinaire en management du sport dirigé par un chercheur en sciences de la vie et une équipe en sciences humaines et sociales.

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