Impact of Physical Activity on Prostate Cancer Incidence

Prostate cancer is a leading cancer in men, with its incidence varying among different countries and ethnic groups. The introduction of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing has led to increased early detection rates, particularly in high Human Development Index (HDI) countries. Several extrinsic or modifiable factors have been implicated in the development of prostate cancer. Diet, including high meat and dairy consumption, alcohol intake, and dietary supplements, has shown inconsistent associations. Obesity has emerged as a significant risk factor for prostate cancer and can worsen prognosis and treatment outcomes. Conversely, consumption of fish and fish oil has been associated with a lower incidence and mortality rate of prostate cancer. The relationship between physical activity and prostate cancer risk has been extensively studied, yielding mixed results. While physical activity has consistently shown protective effects against other cancers, its association with prostate cancer risk is less clear. Some studies suggest a potential benefit, particularly with vigorous physical activity, while others find no significant association. However, physical activity has demonstrated positive effects on survival rates and disease progression among men already diagnosed with prostate cancer

Social Factors of Dietary Risk Behavior in Older German Adults: Results of a Multivariable Analysis

With this analysis, we aimed to examine the associations between social factors and dietary risk behavior in older adults. Data were collected through a full-population postal survey of German adults aged 65 years or older (n = 1687, 33% response proportion, 52% female, mean age = 76 years). Using principal component analysis (PCA), a data-driven Dietary Risk Behavior Index (DRB) was computed. Dietary risk behavior was defined as consumption frequencies of vegetables/fruit, whole grains, and dairy products below national dietary recommendations. By performing a multiple linear regression, we analyzed associations between sociodemographic, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors and dietary risk behavior. Physical activity, female gender, socioeconomic status, social support, and age (in the male sample) were negatively associated with dietary risk behavior. Alcohol consumption and smoking were positively associated with dietary risk behavior. A group-specific analysis revealed a higher goodness-of-fit for the low socioeconomic status group, older adults aged 65–79 years, and women. A comprehensive understanding of the relationships between social factors and dietary risk behavior in older adults assists the group-specific targeting of dietary-related interventions. Demand-oriented dietary interventions should account for underlying social conditions to reduce inequity in dietary risk behavior among older adults. The results of this work may be transferable to municipalities in high-income European countries.Peer Reviewe

Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Relation to Cancer Survival: A Narrative Review

Simple Summary Globally, cancer is a major issue and an increasing number of people live with cancer. Lifestyle-associated factors play a major role in cancer prevention. Being physically active and limiting the amount of time spent sitting reduce the risk of developing several types of cancer. Furthermore, physical activity before, during, and after cancer diagnosis has been found to improve cancer outcomes. In addition, reduced levels of time spent sedentary may lead to improved outcomes in cancer survivors as well. This narrative review summarizes the existing evidence on the relationship of physical activity and sedentary behavior to cancer survival and other health outcomes in cancer survivors. The review provides an overview on the barriers, facilitators, and other factors that determine the levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior in cancer survivors as well as on the current recommendations on physical activity and sedentary behavior for cancer survivors. Abstract From a public health perspective, cancer is a major issue, and it contributes to a high economic and societal burden. Lifestyle-associated risk factors play a crucial role in cancer prevention. The present narrative review aims to summarize the existing evidence on the relationship of physical activity and sedentary behavior to cancer survival, including the evidence on mortality and other health-related outcomes. There is strong evidence that physical activity before, during, and after cancer diagnosis improves outcomes for breast and colorectal cancers. In addition, there is emerging evidence that reduced levels of sedentary behavior in cancer survivors are associated with improved outcomes. Future studies are needed to strengthen the evidence and to provide details on additional cancer sites. In the meantime, existing recommendations for physical activity and sedentary behavior in cancer survivors should be followed to improve the health status of cancer survivors

Anthropometric risk factors for ovarian cancer in the NIH-AARP diet and health study

OBJECTIVE Identifying potentially modifiable risk factors for ovarian cancer is essential for prevention because this cancer is predominantly detected at a late stage. Here, we estimated the relations of general adiposity and measures reflecting body fat distribution to the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. METHODS We ascertained 683 ovarian epithelial cancers (343 high-grade serous, 141 non-high grade serous) among 145,575 women, aged 50-72 years (median follow-up 12.6 years), from the National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons (NIH-AARP) Diet and Health Study. Using Cox models, we estimated confounder-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations of overall ovarian cancer, high-grade serous and non-high-grade serous carcinoma with body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio, body adiposity index, body shape index, and abdominal volume index. RESULTS Anthropometric measures were unrelated to overall ovarian cancer, high-grade serous cancer, and non-high-grade serous cancer. For example, the HR for overall ovarian cancer per standard deviation increment of body mass index at baseline was 0.98 (95% CI 0.88-1.10). Similar associations were observed with measurements of body fat distribution. CONCLUSION These results do not indicate that adult adiposity is associated with ovarian cancer risk in post-menopausal women

Associations of objectively assessed physical activity and sedantary time

Background Sedentary behavior is related to increased mortality risk. Whether such elevated risk can be offset by enhanced physical activity has not been examined using accelerometry data. Materials and Methods We examined the relations of sedentary time and physical activity to mortality from any cause using accelerometry data among 1,677 women and men aged 50 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2004 cycle with follow-up through December 31, 2006. Results During an average follow-up of 34.67 months and 4,845.42 person-years, 112 deaths occurred. In multivariate Cox proportional hazard models, greater sedentary time (≥ median of 8.60 hours/day) was associated with increased risk of mortality from any cause (relative risk (RR) = 2.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-3.81). Low level of moderate to vigorous physical activity (< median of 6.60 minutes/day) was also related to enhanced all-cause mortality risk (RR = 3.30; 95% CI = 1.33-8.17). In combined analyses, greater time spent sedentary and low levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity predicted a substantially elevated all-cause mortality risk. As compared with the combination of a low sedentary level and a high level of moderate to vigorous physical activity, the risks of mortality from all causes were 4.38 (95% CI = 1.26-15.16) for low levels of both sedentary time and physical activity, 2.79 (95% CI = 0.77-10.12) for greater time spent sedentary and high physical activity level, and 7.79 (95% CI = 2.26-26.82) for greater time spent sedentary and low physical activity level. The interaction term between sedentary time and moderate to vigorous physical activity was not statistically significant (p = 0.508). Conclusions Both high levels of sedentary time and low levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity are strong and independent predictors of early death from any cause. Whether a high physical activity level removes the increased risk of all-cause mortality related to sedentariness requires further investigation

Incidence of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma and Breast-Implant-Associated Lymphoma—An Analysis of a Certified Tumor Registry over 17 Years

Background: Breast-implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BI-ALCL) and primary breast ALCL are rare extranodal manifestations of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The rarity of both diseases, along with unreleased sales data on breast implants and constant updates of classification systems impede the calculation of an exact incidence. Methods: The database of the Tumor Center Regensburg in Bavaria was searched for patients with CD30-positive and ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma between 2002 and 2018. These lymphomas were identified by the ICD-O-3 morphology code "97023" and were cross-checked by searching the diagnosis by name the and ICD-10 code C84.7. Furthermore, we tried to calculate the incidence rates and corresponding 95% confidence intervals, standardized to 1,000,000 implant years of breast-implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma and primary breast anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Results: Twelve ALK-negative and CD30-positive anaplastic large cell lymphomas were identified out of 170,405 malignancies. No case was found within the breast tissue and none of the patients had a previous history of breast implant placement. In five cases, lymph node involvement in close proximity to the breast was observed. Conclusion: We found a low incidence of anaplastic large cell lymphoma and no association to breast implants in these patients. A review of the current literature revealed inconsistent use of classification systems for anaplastic large cell lymphomas and potential overestimation of cases

Diabetes, use of antidiabetic drugs, and the risk of glioma

Prior epidemiologic studies suggest inverse relations between diabetes and glioma risk, but the underlying mechanisms, including use of antidiabetic drugs, are unknown.; We therefore performed a matched case-control analysis using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). We identified incident glioma cases diagnosed between 1995 and 2012 and matched each case with 10 controls on age, gender, calendar time, general practice, and years of active history in the CPRD. We performed conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs, adjusted for body mass index and smoking.; We identified 2005 cases and 20 050 controls. Diabetes was associated with decreased risk of glioma (OR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.60-0.93), particularly glioblastoma (OR = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.51-0.94). Glioblastoma risk reduction was markedly pronounced among diabetic men (OR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.40-0.90), most apparently for those with diabetes of long-term duration (OR for &gt;5 vs 0 y = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.26-0.82) or poor glycemic control (OR for HbA1c ≥8 vs &lt;6.5% = 0.20; 95% CI = 0.06-0.70). In contrast, the effect of diabetes on glioblastoma risk was absent among women (OR = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.53-1.36). No significant associations with glioma were found for use of metformin (OR for ≥30 vs 0 prescriptions = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.38-1.39), sulfonylureas (OR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.39-1.30), or insulin (OR = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.37-1.69).; Antidiabetic treatment appears to be unrelated to glioma, but long-term diabetes duration and increased HbA1c both show decreased glioma risk. Stronger findings in men than women suggest low androgen levels concurrent with diabetes as a biologic mechanism

Vegetarian diets and global disparities in calcium intake in pregnant women: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Background: Vegetarian diets are currently experiencing increasing popularity and are also becoming more common in pregnant women. Calcium plays a crucial role for skeletal health and for physiologic processes during pregnancy for the mother and foetus. Aims: Our study aimed to evaluate calcium intake of vegetarian versus nonvegetarian expectant mothers. Materials and Methods: We searched PubMed and retrieved seven studies (six prospective cohort and one cross‐sectional) for inclusion in our random‐effects meta‐analysis. We calculated standardised mean differences (SMD). Results: Results showed a significantly higher calcium intake in vegetarian than nonvegetarian pregnant women [SMD: 0.25; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.14, 0.36]. Discussion: Most studies showed that the recommendations for calcium intake during pregnancy (ranging from 700 to 1200 mg/d) were met. Both vegetarian and nonvegetarian pregnant women showed higher calcium intakes in Europe and North America than in Asia. Serum calcium levels did not differ between vegetarian and nonvegetarian pregnant women (SMD: − 0.15; 95% CI: −0.42, 0.11), confirming that the tight regulation of calcium metabolism is not affected by dietary calcium intake. Conclusion: To prevent inadequate calcium intake potentially associated with adverse gestational outcomes, we recommend adherence to existing recommendations by means of calcium supplementation (1.5–2 g/d), food fortification strategies, or behavioural interventions