Erosion des »Sozialkapitals«?

Die vorliegende Studie zu Robert D. Putnam liefert zum einen erstmals einen deutschsprachigen Überblick über die Theoriearchitektur und die empirischen Befunde der weltweit diskutierten Gegenwartsdiagnose dieses in Harvard lehrenden renommierten Politikwissenschaftlers. Zum anderen unterzieht sie die Thesen Putnams einer kritischen Reflexion: Aus einer immanenten Sicht deckt sie konzeptionelle Probleme und Blindstellen des von Putnam vertretenen »Sozialkapital«-Konzepts auf. Putnams Diagnose vom Verfall des »Sozialkapitals« wird unter Anknüpfung an klassische und aktuelle soziologische Theoriebestände die These einer Transformation der solidarischen Grundlagen in modernen Gesellschaften entgegengestellt. Diese verständlich geschriebene, kritische Einführung in eine der prominentesten soziologischen Zeitdiagnosen richtet sich sowohl an Studierende der Sozialen Arbeit, der Soziologie und der Politikwissenschaften als auch an allgemein am Thema Interessierte

Inhaled nitric oxide as an adjunct to neonatal resuscitation in premature infants: a pilot, double blind, randomized controlled trial.

BackgroundNitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in normal postnatal transition. Our aims were to determine whether adding inhaled NO (iNO) decreases supplemental oxygen exposure in preterm infants requiring positive pressure ventilation (PPV) during resuscitation and to study iNO effects on heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and need for intubation during the first 20 min of life.MethodsThis was a pilot, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Infants 25 0/7-31 6/7 weeks' gestational age requiring PPV with supplemental oxygen during resuscitation were enrolled. PPV was initiated with either oxygen (FiO2-0.30) + iNO at 20 ppm (iNO group) or oxygen (FiO2-0.30) + nitrogen (placebo group). Oxygen was titrated targeting defined SpO2 per current guidelines. After 10 min, iNO/nitrogen was weaned stepwise per protocol and terminated at 17 min.ResultsTwenty-eight infants were studied (14 per group). The mean gestational age in both groups was similar. Cumulative FiO2 and rate of exposure to high FiO2 (>0.60) were significantly lower in the iNO group. There were no differences in HR, SpO2, and need for intubation.ConclusionsAdministration of iNO as an adjunct during neonatal resuscitation is feasible without side effects. It diminishes exposure to high levels of supplemental oxygen

MOEMS deformable mirror testing in cryo for future optical instrumentation

MOEMS Deformable Mirrors (DM) are key components for next generation instruments with innovative adaptive optics systems, in existing telescopes and in the future ELTs. These DMs must perform at room temperature as well as in cryogenic and vacuum environment. Ideally, the MOEMS-DMs must be designed to operate in such environment. We present some major rules for designing / operating DMs in cryo and vacuum. We chose to use interferometry for the full characterization of these devices, including surface quality measurement in static and dynamical modes, at ambient and in vacuum/cryo. Thanks to our previous set-up developments, we placed a compact cryo-vacuum chamber designed for reaching 10-6 mbar and 160K, in front of our custom Michelson interferometer, able to measure performances of the DM at actuator/segment level as well as whole mirror level, with a lateral resolution of 2{\mu}m and a sub-nanometric z-resolution. Using this interferometric bench, we tested the Iris AO PTT111 DM: this unique and robust design uses an array of single crystalline silicon hexagonal mirrors with a pitch of 606{\mu}m, able to move in tip, tilt and piston with strokes from 5 to 7{\mu}m, and tilt angle in the range of +/-5mrad. They exhibit typically an open-loop flat surface figure as good as <20nm rms. A specific mount including electronic and opto-mechanical interfaces has been designed for fitting in the test chamber. Segment deformation, mirror shaping, open-loop operation are tested at room and cryo temperature and results are compared. The device could be operated successfully at 160K. An additional, mainly focus-like, 500 nm deformation is measured at 160K; we were able to recover the best flat in cryo by correcting the focus and local tip-tilts on some segments. Tests on DM with different mirror thicknesses (25{\mu}m and 50{\mu}m) and different coatings (silver and gold) are currently under way.Comment: 11 pages, 12 Figure

Segmented Aperture Interferometric Nulling Testbed (SAINT) II: Component Systems Update

"This work presents updates to the coronagraph and telescope components of the Segmented Aperture Interfer-ometric Nulling Testbed (SAINT). The project pairs an actively-controlled macro-scale segmented mirror withthe Visible Nulling Coronagraph (VNC) towards demonstrating capabilities for the future space observatoriesneeded to directly detect and characterize a significant sample of Earth-sized worlds around nearby stars inthe quest for identifying those which may be habitable and possibly harbor life. Efforts to improve the VNCwavefront control optics and mechanisms towards repeating narrowband results are described. A narrative isprovided for the design of new optical components aimed at enabling broadband performance. Initial work withthe hardware and software interface for controlling the segmented telescope mirror is also presented.

Endometrial DNA methylation signatures during the time of breeding in relation to the pregnancy outcome in postpartum dairy cows fed a control diet or supplemented with rumen-protected methionine

Post calving metabolic stress reduces the fertility of high producing dairy cows possibly by altering the expression of genes in the maternal environment via epigenetic modifications. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify endometrial DNA methylation marks that can be associated with pregnancy outcomes in postpartum cows at the time of breeding. For this, twelve days post-calving, cows were either offered a control diet or supplemented daily with rumen-protected methionine. Cows showing heat 50–64 days postpartum were artificially inseminated. Endometrial cytobrush samples were collected 4–8 h after artificial insemination and classified based on the pregnancy out comes as those derived from cows that resulted in pregnancy or resulted in no pregnancy. The DNAs isolated from endometrial samples were then subject to reduced representative bisulfite sequencing for DNA methylation analysis. Results showed that in the control diet group, 1,958 differentially methylated CpG sites (DMCGs) were identified between cows that resulted in pregnancy and those that resulted in no pregnancy of which 890 DMCGs were located on chr 27: 6217254–6225600 bp. A total of 537 DMCGs were overlapped with 313 annotated genes that were involved in various pathways including signal transduction, signalling by GPCR, aldosterone synthesis and secretion. Likewise, in methionine supplemented group, 3,430 CpG sites were differentially methylated between the two cow groups of which 18.7% were located on Chr27: 6217254–6225600 bp. A total of 1,781 DMCGS were overlapped with 890 genes which involved in developmental and signalling related pathways including WNT-signalling, focal adhesion and ECM receptor interaction. Interestingly, 149 genes involved in signal transduction, axon guidance and non-integrin membrane-ECM interactions were differentially methylated between the two cow groups irrespective of their feeding regime, while 453 genes involved in axon guidance, notch signalling and collagen formation were differentially methylated between cows that received rumen protected methionine and control diet irrespective of their fertility status. Overall, this study indicated that postpartum cows that could potentially become pregnant could be distinguishable based on their endometrial DNA methylation patterns at the time of breeding

Erosion des "Sozialkapitals"? : eine kritische Diskussion der Thesen Robert D. Putnams

Die vorliegende Studie zu Robert D. Putnam liefert zum einen erstmals einen deutschsprachigen Überblick über die Theoriearchitektur und die empirischen Befunde der weltweit diskutierten Gegenwartsdiagnose dieses in Harvard lehrenden renommierten Politikwissenschaftlers. Zum anderen unterzieht sie die Thesen Putnams einer kritischen Reflexion: Aus einer immanenten Sicht deckt sie konzeptionelle Probleme und Blindstellen des von Putnam vertretenen »Sozialkapital«-Konzepts auf. Putnams Diagnose vom Verfall des »Sozialkapitals« wird unter Anknüpfung an klassische und aktuelle soziologische Theoriebestände die These einer Transformation der solidarischen Grundlagen in modernen Gesellschaften entgegengestellt. Diese verständlich geschriebene, kritische Einführung in eine der prominentesten soziologischen Zeitdiagnosen richtet sich sowohl an Studierende der Sozialen Arbeit, der Soziologie und der Politikwissenschaften als auch an allgemein am Thema Interessierte

Erosion des »Sozialkapitals«?

Die vorliegende Studie zu Robert D. Putnam liefert zum einen erstmals einen deutschsprachigen Überblick über die Theoriearchitektur und die empirischen Befunde der weltweit diskutierten Gegenwartsdiagnose dieses in Harvard lehrenden renommierten Politikwissenschaftlers. Zum anderen unterzieht sie die Thesen Putnams einer kritischen Reflexion: Aus einer immanenten Sicht deckt sie konzeptionelle Probleme und Blindstellen des von Putnam vertretenen »Sozialkapital«-Konzepts auf. Putnams Diagnose vom Verfall des »Sozialkapitals« wird unter Anknüpfung an klassische und aktuelle soziologische Theoriebestände die These einer Transformation der solidarischen Grundlagen in modernen Gesellschaften entgegengestellt. Diese verständlich geschriebene, kritische Einführung in eine der prominentesten soziologischen Zeitdiagnosen richtet sich sowohl an Studierende der Sozialen Arbeit, der Soziologie und der Politikwissenschaften als auch an allgemein am Thema Interessierte