1,703 research outputs found
A characterisation of weakly locally projective amalgams related to and the sporadic simple groups and
A simple undirected graph is weakly -locally projective, for a group of
automorphisms , if for each vertex , the stabiliser induces on the
set of vertices adjacent to a doubly transitive action with socle the
projective group for an integer and a prime power .
It is -locally projective if in addition is vertex transitive. A theorem
of Trofimov reduces the classification of the -locally projective graphs to
the case where the distance factors are as in one of the known examples.
Although an analogue of Trofimov's result is not yet available for weakly
locally projective graphs, we would like to begin a program of characterising
some of the remarkable examples. We show that if a graph is weakly locally
projective with each and or , and if the distance factors
are as in the examples arising from the rank 3 tilde geometries of the groups
and , then up to isomorphism there are exactly two possible
amalgams. Moreover, we consider an infinite family of amalgams of type
(where each and ) and prove that if
there is a unique amalgam of type and it is
unfaithful, whereas if then there are exactly four amalgams of type
, precisely two of which are faithful, namely the ones related
to and , and one other which has faithful completion
EarthPT: a foundation model for Earth Observation
We introduce EarthPT -- an Earth Observation (EO) pretrained transformer.
EarthPT is a 700 million parameter decoding transformer foundation model
trained in an autoregressive self-supervised manner and developed specifically
with EO use-cases in mind. We demonstrate that EarthPT is an effective
forecaster that can accurately predict future pixel-level surface reflectances
across the 400-2300 nm range well into the future. For example, forecasts of
the evolution of the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) have a
typical error of approximately 0.05 (over a natural range of -1 -> 1) at the
pixel level over a five month test set horizon, out-performing simple
phase-folded models based on historical averaging. We also demonstrate that
embeddings learnt by EarthPT hold semantically meaningful information and could
be exploited for downstream tasks such as highly granular, dynamic land use
classification. Excitingly, we note that the abundance of EO data provides us
with -- in theory -- quadrillions of training tokens. Therefore, if we assume
that EarthPT follows neural scaling laws akin to those derived for Large
Language Models (LLMs), there is currently no data-imposed limit to scaling
EarthPT and other similar `Large Observation Models.'Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, submitted to NeurIPS CCAI worksho
Seasonal Occurrence and Habitat Affi liations of Trichoptera at Mammoth Cave National Park
The order Trichoptera is an ecologically-important, diverse group of insects. We investigated the relative abundance and occurrence of these insects at Mammoth Cave National Park (MCNP). We focused our efforts on adults captured at blacklight traps placed across four forest habitats in MCNP on 14 nights during 2010-2011. Large-bodied Trichoptera (≥ 10 mm in length) were identified and enumerated, yielding 2,153 specimens of ≥ 45 species and 11 families. Unique captures were recorded at mixed deciduous-dominated, mixed coniferdominated, and upland deciduous sites (13, 4, and 3 species, respectively). While composition of the assemblage varied across collection sites, as well as seasonally, members of the Hydropsychidae (Hydropsyche spp.) and Leptoceridae (Ceraclea spp.) were the most abundant groups. These two families constituted 93% of total abundance and 65% of species richness across all samples. In this study we detail abundance and richness patterns of Trichoptera across a forest landscape and examine habitats for which data are lacking
Assessment of maternal referral systems used for a rural Zambian hospital: the development of setting specific protocols for the identification of complications
Background: In resource-limited countries, it is estimated that up to 75% of maternal deaths are preventable. Maternal referral systems are an effective measure to help prevent these deaths. Objective: The objective of this study was to delineate criteria that health care workers use to identify obstetrical emergencies and make referrals, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the established referral system and to implement improvements to this system.Methods: Using a qualitative study design, the individuals with the highest level of formal obstetrics training at 10 health posts that refer to a rural Zambian hospital were surveyed using semi-structured interviews regarding their referral protocols. Data were analyzed through open-coding. At the conclusion of the interview, standardized referral protocols for obstetric emergen- cies derived from published guidelines and local practices were distributed.Results: Identified complications resulting in referral most commonly included post-partum hemorrhage (70%), prolonged labor (70%), malpresentation (50%), antepartum hemorrhage (40%), and retained placenta (40%). While numerous reasons for referral were identified, there was little consensus on the referral protocol used for each complication. Obstacles to successful referral most commonly included cellular network disruptions (70%), distance (50%), and lack of transportation (30%). The referral protocols distributed to health posts covered only 11 of the 23 complications cited as the most common reason for referral.Conclusion: The referral criteria and protocols were updated to include all of the reported complications. We propose this document for others working in resource-limited settings attempting to establish or evaluate a maternal referral systems.Keywords: Maternal referral systems, Zambian hospital, protocols, complications
Characterization of Motorcycle Encroachments in the US
In 2020, there were 5,579 motorcyclist fatalities in the U.S., which is the highest on record. Despite accounting for only 3% of registered vehicles, motorcycles are involved in 42% of fatal guardrail impacts. Roadside safety hardware testing guidelines are outlined in the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) for passenger vehicles and large trucks but these procedures do not include any motorcycle impacts. Although international test procedures for roadside hardware prescribe motorcycle crash tests, it is not known if the prescribed test conditions reflect the conditions at which motorcycles depart the roadway in the U.S. A better understanding of the characteristics of motorcycles departing the roadway in the U.S. is needed before the development of motorcycle crash tests. This study used the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) 17-88 database to compare the encroachment and impact characteristics of motorcycles, passenger vehicles, single-unit trucks, and tractor-trailer trucks. Motorcycles were found to have a similar distribution of impact angles to passenger vehicles, with an 85th percentile of 24 degrees. The median and 85th percentile impact angle was found to be shallower for tractor-trailer trucks compared with motorcycles and passenger vehicles. Additionally, large trucks and motorcycles were found to roll over at a higher frequency than passenger vehicles. During the first event, almost 80% of motorcycles were upright. By the second event, almost 50% of motorcyclists were separated from the motorcycle. This indicates that a large percentage of riders lose contact with the motorcycle during the first event and are separated during any subsequent events. Based on these results, future motorcycle-barrier tests should consider an upright configuration and an impact angle of 24 degrees
Heavy Quark Fragmentation to Baryons Containing Two Heavy Quarks
We discuss the fragmentation of a heavy quark to a baryon containing two
heavy quarks of mass . In this limit the heavy quarks
first combine perturbatively into a compact diquark with a radius small
compared to , which interacts with the light hadronic
degrees of freedom exactly as does a heavy antiquark. The subsequent evolution
of this diquark to a baryon is identical to the fragmentation of a
heavy antiquark to a meson. We apply this analysis to the production of baryons
of the form , , and .Comment: 9 pages, 1 figure included, uses harvmac.tex and epsf.tex, UCSD/PTH
93-11, CALT-68-1868, SLAC-PUB-622
Sequence stratigraphy, chemostratigraphy and facies analysis of Cambrian Series 2 – Series 3 boundary strata in northwestern Scotland
Globally, the Series 2 – Series 3 boundary of the Cambrian System coincides with a major carbon isotope excursion, sea-level changes and trilobite extinctions. Here we examine the sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy and carbon isotope record of this interval in the Cambrian strata (Durness Group) of NW Scotland. Carbonate carbon isotope data from the lower part of the Durness Group (Ghrudaidh Formation) show that the shallow-marine, Laurentian margin carbonates record two linked sea-level and carbon isotopic events. Whilst the carbon isotope excursions are not as pronounced as those expressed elsewhere, correlation with global records (Sauk I – Sauk II boundary and Olenellus biostratigraphic constraint) identifies them as representing the local expression of the ROECE and DICE. The upper part of the ROECE is recorded in the basal Ghrudaidh Formation whilst the DICE is seen around 30m above the base of this unit. Both carbon isotope excursions co-occur with surfaces interpreted to record regressive–transgressive events that produced amalgamated sequence boundaries and ravinement/flooding surfaces overlain by conglomerates of reworked intraclasts. The ROECE has been linked with redlichiid and olenellid trilobite extinctions, but in NW Scotland, Olenellus is found after the negative peak of the carbon isotope excursion but before sequence boundary formation
The Short Rotation Period of Hi'iaka, Haumea's Largest Satellite
Hi'iaka is the larger outer satellite of the dwarf planet Haumea. Using
relative photometry from the Hubble Space Telescope and Magellan and a phase
dispersion minimization analysis, we have identified the rotation period of
Hi'iaka to be ~9.8 hrs (double-peaked). This is ~120 times faster than its
orbital period, creating new questions about the formation of this system and
possible tidal evolution. The rapid rotation suggests that Hi'iaka could have a
significant obliquity and spin precession that could be visible in light curves
within a few years. We then turn to an investigation of what we learn about the
(presently unclear) formation of the Haumea system and family based on this
unexpectedly rapid rotation rate. We explore the importance of the initial
semi-major axis and rotation period in tidal evolution theory and find they
strongly influence the time required to despin to synchronous rotation,
relevant to understanding a wide variety of satellite and binary systems. We
find that despinning tides do not necessarily lead to synchronous spin periods
for Hi'iaka, even if it formed near the Roche limit. Therefore the short
rotation period of Hi'iaka does not rule out significant tidal evolution.
Hi'iaka's spin period is also consistent with formation near its current
location and spin up due to Haumea-centric impactors.Comment: 21 pages with 6 figures, to be published in The Astronomical Journa
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