Pedigree analysis of 220 almond genotypes reveals two world mainstream breeding lines based on only three different cultivars

Loss of genetic variability is an increasing challenge in tree breeding programs due to the repeated use of a reduced number of founder genotypes. However, in almond, little is known about the genetic variability in current breeding stocks, although several cases of inbreeding depression have been reported. To gain insights into the genetic structure in modern breeding programs worldwide, marker-verified pedigree data of 220 almond cultivars and breeding selections were analyzed. Inbreeding coefficients, pairwise relatedness, and genetic contribution were calculated for these genotypes. The results reveal two mainstream breeding lines based on three cultivars: “Tuono”, “Cristomorto”, and “Nonpareil”. Descendants from “Tuono” or “Cristomorto” number 76 (sharing 34 descendants), while “Nonpareil” has 71 descendants. The mean inbreeding coefficient of the analyzed genotypes was 0.041, with 14 genotypes presenting a high inbreeding coefficient, over 0.250. Breeding programs from France, the USA, and Spain showed inbreeding coefficients of 0.075, 0.070, and 0.037, respectively. According to their genetic contribution, modern cultivars from Israel, France, the USA, Spain, and Australia trace back to a maximum of six main founding genotypes. Among the group of 65 genotypes carrying the Sf allele for self-compatibility, the mean relatedness coefficient was 0.125, with “Tuono” as the main founding genotype (24.7% of total genetic contribution). The results broaden our understanding about the tendencies followed in almond breeding over the last 50 years and will have a large impact into breeding decision-making process worldwide. Increasing current genetic variability is required in almond breeding programs to assure genetic gain and continuing breeding progress

Frutos secos en la península ibérica: presente y futuro

Se analiza la situación actual y futura de la producción de las seis especies de frutos secos más importantes (almendro, avellano, nogal, pistachero, castaño y pino piñonero) en la península ibérica. Se detallan superficies de cultivo, producciones y su evolución tanto a nivel de esta como mundial. Se revisan las fortalezas, las debilidades, las oportunidades y las amenazas de cada fruto seco en España y Portugal. El sector ibérico de la fruta seca está experimentando una gran revolución tecnológica. Las producciones ibérica y mundial, debido a la creciente demanda se están incrementando en las últimas décadas. Los frutos secos presentan ventajas competitivas frente a las producciones de otros frutales desde el punto de vista del productor y del consumidor. Las plagas y enfermedades junto con el cambio climático son los principales factores limitantes. Es necesario el desarrollo de nuevas variedades y patrones adaptados a diferentes condicionantes productivos. Se consideran algunos aspectos de la calidad de los frutos secos, la seguridad alimentaria y su innovación. Además, la organización del sector, la investigación y la innovación junto con la transferencia son básicos para su competitividad.Este trabajo ha sido financiado en parte por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad español a través de varios proyectos y por el Programa CERCA de la Generalitat de Catalunya. Los autores agradecen a A. P. Silva de Universidade de Tràs os Montes e Alto Duoro, (UTAD) por la valiosa información facilitada referente a la situación actual y perspectivas sobre algunos frutos secos producidos en Portugal. La autora L. Lipan ha sido financiada por el Ministerio de Universidades y por la Unión Europea–Next Generation EU en el marco de las Ayudas para la Recualificación del Sistema Universitario Español, en la modalidad Margarita Salas. El autor F. Pérez de los Cobos agradece la beca doctoral otorgada por el MINECOinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

El origen de la variedad de almendro Guara

ABSTRACT The origin of the almond cultivar ‘Guara’. ‘Guara’ has been the most planted almond cultivar in Spain in recent years. The introducers of this cultivar reported its origin as unknown and suggested that it is related to the Italian almond cultivar ‘Tuono’. Indeed, the experience of farmers and researchers has revealed strong similarities between ‘Guara’ and ‘Tuono’. In order to compare the identity of the two cultivars, their genetic profiles (fingerprints) were determined with a set of 12 molecular markers (type microsatellites, SSR) used to analyze the INRA clones of ‘Guara’, ‘Tuono’, ‘Supernova’ and ‘Mazzetto’, the two last considered synonymous with ‘Tuono’. Furthermore, a set of 23 SSRs was also analyzed in ‘Guara’ and ‘Tuono’ samples from different reference collections of CEBAS– CSIC (Murcia, Spain), INRA (Avignon, France), IRTA (Constantí, Spain), and the University of Bari (Bari, Italy). The results confirmed that ‘Guara’ and ‘Tuono’ present identical DNA fingerprints for the 35 SSRs analyzed. This information together with its unknown origin and the similar agronomic characteristics of the two cultivars, demonstrates that ‘Guara’ is actually the traditional Italian cultivar ‘Tuono’

L’origine del mandorlo spagnolo Guara e la conferma dell’identità con Tuono

Guara has been the most planted almond cultivar in Spain in recent years. The introducers of this cultivar reported its origin as unknown and suggested that it is related to the Italian almond cultivar Tuono. Indeed, the experience of farmers and researchers has revealed strong similarities between Guara and Tuono. In order to compare the identity of the two cultivars, their genetic profiles (fingerprints) were determined with a set of 12 SSR markers used to analyse the INRA clones of Guara and Tuono as well as two clones considered synonymous with Tuono, namely Supernova and Mazzetto. A supplementary set of 23 SSRs was also analysed in Guara and Tuono samples from different reference collections of CEBAS-CSIC (Murcia, Spain), INRA (Avignon, France), IRTA (Constantí, Spain), and the University of Bari (Bari, Italy). The results confirmed that Guara and Tuono present identical DNA fingerprints for the 35 SSRs analysed. This genotypic information together with the similar characteristics of the two cultivars demonstrates that Spanish Guara is actually the same cultivar as the Italian Tuono

The origin of the self-compatible almond 'Guara'

'Guara' has been the most planted almond cultivar in Spain in recent years. The introducers of this cultivar reported its origin as unknown and suggested that it is related to the Italian almond cultivar 'Tuono'. Indeed, the experience of farmers and researchers has revealed strong similarities between 'Guara' and 'Tuono'. In order to compare the identity of the two cultivars, their genetic profiles (fingerprints) were determined with a set of 12 SSR markers used to analyse the INRA clones of 'Guara' and 'Tuono' as well as two clones considered synonymous with 'Tuono', namely 'Supernova' and 'Mazzetto'. A supplementary set of 23 SSRs was also analysed in 'Guara' and 'Tuono' samples from different reference collections of CEBAS-CSIC (Murcia, Spain), INRA (Avignon, France), IRTA (Constantí, Spain), and the University of Bari (Bari, Italy). The results confirmed that 'Guara' and 'Tuono' present identical DNA fingerprints for the 35 SSRs analysed. This genotypic information together with the similar characteristics of the two cultivars demonstrates that Spanish 'Guara' is actually the same cultivar as the Italian 'Tuono'

Pedigree analysis of 220 almond genotypes reveals two world mainstream breeding lines based on only three different cultivars.

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