Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Brazilian Haemophilus parasuis field isolates

12 p.Haemophilus parasuis is the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease (GD), an ubiquitous infection of swine characterized by systemic fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis and meningitis. Intensive use of antimicrobial agents in swine husbandries during the last years triggered the development of antibiotic resistances in bacterial pathogens. Thus, regular susceptibility testing is crucial to ensure efficacy of different antimicrobial agents to this porcine pathogen. In this study, 50 clinical isolates from South Brazilian pig herds were characterized and analyzed for their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotic. The identification and typing of clinical isolates was carried out by a modified indirect hemagglutination assay combined with a multiplex PCR. The susceptibility of each isolate was analyzed by broth microdilution method against a panel of antimicrobial compounds. We found that field isolates are highly resistance to gentamycin, bacitracin, lincomycin and tiamulin, but sensitive to ampicillin, clindamycin, neomycin, penicillin, danofloxacin and enrofloxacin. Furthermore, an individual susceptibility analysis indicated that enrofloxacin is effective to treat clinical isolates with the exception of those classified as serovarS

Altered indirect hemagglutination method for easy serotyping of Haemophilus parasuis

P. 15-21Glässer’s disease is an emergent bacterial disease that affects swine husbandries worldwide causing important economic losses. The aetiological agent, Haemophilus parasuis, is currently divided in fifteen serovars but an increasing number of non-typeable serovars have been reported. Indirect hemagglutination (IHA) is indicated as a serotyping method for H. parasuis. In the present study, we describe an additional step that aims to work around a possible obstacle in the original protocol that may compromise the outcome of this assay. We observed that the choice of anticoagulant for blood collection influences and/or impairs spontaneous adsorption of H. parasuis antigens on sheep red blood cells (SRBCs). However, regardless of the anticoagulant used, chemical treatment of SRBCs with tannic acid induces a stable antigen adsorption (sensitization step). The addition of 1% BSA to SRBCs washing buffer and to antisera dilution augments IHA specificity. Tannic acid treated SRBCs combined with thermo-resistant H. parasuis antigens increases the assay resolution. Thus, our results demonstrate an improvement in the technique of H. parasuis serotyping that will prove valuable to understand Glässer’s disease epidemiology and to better characterize serovars involved in outbreaksS

Search for gravitational-lensing signatures in the full third observing run of the LIGO-Virgo network

Gravitational lensing by massive objects along the line of sight to the source causes distortions of gravitational wave-signals; such distortions may reveal information about fundamental physics, cosmology and astrophysics. In this work, we have extended the search for lensing signatures to all binary black hole events from the third observing run of the LIGO--Virgo network. We search for repeated signals from strong lensing by 1) performing targeted searches for subthreshold signals, 2) calculating the degree of overlap amongst the intrinsic parameters and sky location of pairs of signals, 3) comparing the similarities of the spectrograms amongst pairs of signals, and 4) performing dual-signal Bayesian analysis that takes into account selection effects and astrophysical knowledge. We also search for distortions to the gravitational waveform caused by 1) frequency-independent phase shifts in strongly lensed images, and 2) frequency-dependent modulation of the amplitude and phase due to point masses. None of these searches yields significant evidence for lensing. Finally, we use the non-detection of gravitational-wave lensing to constrain the lensing rate based on the latest merger-rate estimates and the fraction of dark matter composed of compact objects

Search for eccentric black hole coalescences during the third observing run of LIGO and Virgo

Despite the growing number of confident binary black hole coalescences observed through gravitational waves so far, the astrophysical origin of these binaries remains uncertain. Orbital eccentricity is one of the clearest tracers of binary formation channels. Identifying binary eccentricity, however, remains challenging due to the limited availability of gravitational waveforms that include effects of eccentricity. Here, we present observational results for a waveform-independent search sensitive to eccentric black hole coalescences, covering the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO and Virgo detectors. We identified no new high-significance candidates beyond those that were already identified with searches focusing on quasi-circular binaries. We determine the sensitivity of our search to high-mass (total mass M>70 M⊙) binaries covering eccentricities up to 0.3 at 15 Hz orbital frequency, and use this to compare model predictions to search results. Assuming all detections are indeed quasi-circular, for our fiducial population model, we place an upper limit for the merger rate density of high-mass binaries with eccentricities 0<e≤0.3 at 0.33 Gpc−3 yr−1 at 90\% confidence level

Ultralight vector dark matter search using data from the KAGRA O3GK run

Among the various candidates for dark matter (DM), ultralight vector DM can be probed by laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors through the measurement of oscillating length changes in the arm cavities. In this context, KAGRA has a unique feature due to differing compositions of its mirrors, enhancing the signal of vector DM in the length change in the auxiliary channels. Here we present the result of a search for U(1)B−L gauge boson DM using the KAGRA data from auxiliary length channels during the first joint observation run together with GEO600. By applying our search pipeline, which takes into account the stochastic nature of ultralight DM, upper bounds on the coupling strength between the U(1)B−L gauge boson and ordinary matter are obtained for a range of DM masses. While our constraints are less stringent than those derived from previous experiments, this study demonstrates the applicability of our method to the lower-mass vector DM search, which is made difficult in this measurement by the short observation time compared to the auto-correlation time scale of DM

The cross-talk between endoplasmatic reticulum stress and cytokines in pancreatic beta cell inflammation and apoptosis

La prévalence de l’obésité et du diabète de type 1 (DT1) s’accroit dans le monde à une vitesse alarmante. L’augmentation du poids corporel, de la quantité d’acides gras libres (AGL) circulant et de la résistance à l’insuline peut induire un stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) dans les cellules beta du pancréas, ce qui pourrait favoriser l’inflammation. Afin de tester cette hypothèse, nous avons exposé des cellules beta à un léger stress chronique du RE induit par de l’acide ciclopiazonique (ACP) ou l’AGL palmitate et les avons ensuite traitées avec une faible dose d’interleukine 1β (IL-1β) ou de facteur de nécrose tumorale (TNF-α). L’addition d’IL- 1β, mais pas de TNF-α, a conduit à l’augmentation de la production de marqueurs pro-inflammatoires et de chimiokines. Cette différence de résultat en fonction de l’exposition à l’IL-1β ou au TNF-α peut-être au moins partiellement expliquée par un usage différentiel du complexe de la kinase IκB (IKK) et de la voie du facteur nucléaire κ-B (NF-κB), menant à terme à une activation plus élevée par l’IL-1β en comparaison à TNF-α. L’analyse des branches de la réponse de la protéine dépliée impliquées a révélé que la voie de l’Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) / X-box binding protein 1 spliced (XBP1s) est le médiateur clé dans le couplage avec la réponse inflammatoire déclenchée par l’IL-1β. En effet, le knockdown d’IRE1 ou de XBP1 a permis d’éviter l’exacerbation de l’activité du promoteur NF-κB et l’expression des gènes cibles de NF-κB. Les mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation XBP1-dépendante de la réponse pro-inflammatoire sont partiellement dépendant de la modulation de la Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1). Le stress du RE et l’IL-1β participent aussi à un autre évènement crucial dans le développement du DT1, à savoir la mort progressive des cellules beta, qui est également exacerbée par la combinaison ACP + IL-1β. Contrairement à l’inflammation, la voie IRE1/XBP1 n’est pas impliquée dans l’apoptose cellulaire induite par la combinaison d’ACP et d’IL-1β. Dans ce contexte, nous suggérons que le devenir de la cellule est décidé par la balance entre les protéines Bcl-2 anti-apoptotiques et pro-apoptotiques. Ainsi, nous avons montré que le gène A1 associé à Bcl-2 (A1) est négativement régulé par le stress du RE tandis que l’IL-1β active la protéine BH3-only Bim, aboutissant à une apoptose accrue des cellules beta. En conclusion, nos données suggèrent que le stress du RE est un facteur sensibilisation pour l’induction de l’inflammation des ilots pancréatiques et de l’apoptose des cellules beta. Ceci pourrait fournir une explication mécanistique à l’augmentation parallèle observée de l’obésité infantile et de la fréquence du DT1.\Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiquesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

The cross-talk between endoplasmatic reticulum stress and cytokines in pancreatic beta cell inflammation and apoptosis

La prévalence de l’obésité et du diabète de type 1 (DT1) s’accroit dans le monde à une vitesse alarmante. L’augmentation du poids corporel, de la quantité d’acides gras libres (AGL) circulant et de la résistance à l’insuline peut induire un stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) dans les cellules beta du pancréas, ce qui pourrait favoriser l’inflammation. Afin de tester cette hypothèse, nous avons exposé des cellules beta à un léger stress chronique du RE induit par de l’acide ciclopiazonique (ACP) ou l’AGL palmitate et les avons ensuite traitées avec une faible dose d’interleukine 1β (IL-1β) ou de facteur de nécrose tumorale (TNF-α). L’addition d’IL- 1β, mais pas de TNF-α, a conduit à l’augmentation de la production de marqueurs pro-inflammatoires et de chimiokines. Cette différence de résultat en fonction de l’exposition à l’IL-1β ou au TNF-α peut-être au moins partiellement expliquée par un usage différentiel du complexe de la kinase IκB (IKK) et de la voie du facteur nucléaire κ-B (NF-κB), menant à terme à une activation plus élevée par l’IL-1β en comparaison à TNF-α. L’analyse des branches de la réponse de la protéine dépliée impliquées a révélé que la voie de l’Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) / X-box binding protein 1 spliced (XBP1s) est le médiateur clé dans le couplage avec la réponse inflammatoire déclenchée par l’IL-1β. En effet, le knockdown d’IRE1 ou de XBP1 a permis d’éviter l’exacerbation de l’activité du promoteur NF-κB et l’expression des gènes cibles de NF-κB. Les mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation XBP1-dépendante de la réponse pro-inflammatoire sont partiellement dépendant de la modulation de la Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1). Le stress du RE et l’IL-1β participent aussi à un autre évènement crucial dans le développement du DT1, à savoir la mort progressive des cellules beta, qui est également exacerbée par la combinaison ACP + IL-1β. Contrairement à l’inflammation, la voie IRE1/XBP1 n’est pas impliquée dans l’apoptose cellulaire induite par la combinaison d’ACP et d’IL-1β. Dans ce contexte, nous suggérons que le devenir de la cellule est décidé par la balance entre les protéines Bcl-2 anti-apoptotiques et pro-apoptotiques. Ainsi, nous avons montré que le gène A1 associé à Bcl-2 (A1) est négativement régulé par le stress du RE tandis que l’IL-1β active la protéine BH3-only Bim, aboutissant à une apoptose accrue des cellules beta. En conclusion, nos données suggèrent que le stress du RE est un facteur sensibilisation pour l’induction de l’inflammation des ilots pancréatiques et de l’apoptose des cellules beta. Ceci pourrait fournir une explication mécanistique à l’augmentation parallèle observée de l’obésité infantile et de la fréquence du DT1.\Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiquesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Sweet Killing in Obesity and Diabetes: The Metabolic Role of the BH3-only Protein BIM.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder affecting more than 400 million individuals and their families worldwide. The major forms of diabetes (types 1 and 2) are characterized by pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and, in some cases, loss of β-cell mass causing hyperglycemia due to absolute or relative insulin deficiency. The BCL-2 homology 3 (BH3)-only protein BIM has a wide role in apoptosis induction in cells. In this review, we describe the apoptotic mechanisms mediated by BIM activation in β cells in obesity and both forms of diabetes. We focus on molecular pathways triggered by inflammation, saturated fats, and high levels of glucose. Besides its role in cell death, BIM has been implicated in the regulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and cellular metabolism in hepatocytes. BIM is both a key mediator of pancreatic β-cell death and hepatic insulin resistance and is thus a potential therapeutic target for novel anti-diabetogenic drugs. We consider the implications and challenges of targeting BIM in the treatment of the disease.SCOPUS: re.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Collateral, mutual guarantees and the entrepreneurial orientation of SMEs

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether guarantees characterised by different degrees of relationship lending (particularly referring to collateral and guarantees provided by Mutual Loan Guarantee Institutions) are able to convey some entrepreneurial orientation (EO) dimensions from firms to banks. Design/methodology/approach: Exploiting data from a survey of Austrian and Italian SMEs, the empirical analysis is based on a sample of 328 small business firms. To test the signalling hypothesis, the authors used logistic regressions to assess the explanatory power of EO dimensions on the presence of several types of guarantees. Findings: The analyses suggest that collateral cannot signal any EO dimension, even when controlling for the strength of the bank – firm relationship. Furthermore, SMEs are able to mitigate their financial risk through collateral only in a multiple bank – firm relationship. Lastly, innovativeness, competitive energy and aggressiveness allow SMEs to obtain external guarantees (mutual guarantees, bank guarantees and public guarantees, respectively), helpful in order to promote credit access. Research limitations/implications: The mediation role of collateral and external guarantees on EO – credit access relation should be analysed in future research. Since the role of guarantees can change among different bank lending technologies, further studies should carefully consider lender’s characteristics. Lastly, the use of loan data in respect of the firm data can help to better separate the effect of loan and firm attributes on the collateral. Practical implications: The study suggests how managers and entrepreneurs should manage the financial risk through collateral in different situations (one–to–one and multiple bank – firm relationship). Furthermore, depending on the level of innovativeness, competitive energy and aggressiveness, a firm should request a specific type of external guarantees in order to increment the credit availability, to maximise the possibility of success and to improve its performance. Originality/value: To the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first attempt to analyse whether EO affects the request for guarantees instead of credit access. This can be helpful especially when the banks involved in the relation apply a transaction lending technology