Les hôpitaux militaires sous tentes et baraqués au XIXe siècle.

[En ligne] : http://rha.revues.org/index6543.htmlNational audienceMilitary hospitals in tents and barracks in the nineteenth century. Military buildings that one finds today are not sufficient to understand the entire military habitat. Among the units of the health service that were charged in combat with first care of the wounded and other sick in war, some were organized in tents or barracks made of wood, light and mobile structures now completely disappeared from military holdings. These temporary locations, generally less comfortable and less healthy than permanent hospitals, provided particularly important hygienic services. In the context of a military health service that was not independent before 1882, this article examines the creation and improvement of operations in this mode of construction. Hospitals in tents and barracks joined in 1914 by floating hospitals and ambulance trains, signaled changes in surgical treatment on the battlefield. They operated effectively very close to the sick and wounded in the slow process of diversifying and specializing French hospitals while contributing to hygienic improvements. The use of this method in peacetime by the civilian health service places advances in medical and hygienic principles in the military health service at the heart of the development of hospitals in France.Les constructions militaires que l'on rencontre de nos jours ne suffisent pas à comprendre l'ensemble de l'habitat militaire. Parmi les formations du service de santé régimentaire au combat chargées des premiers soins aux blessés et autres malades de guerre, certaines furent organisées sous des tentes ou des baraques en bois, structures légères et mobiles aujourd'hui entièrement disparues du patrimoine militaire. Ces locaux temporaires, généralement moins confortables et moins salubres que les hôpitaux permanents, faisaient l'objet d'études hygiéniques particulièrement importantes. Dans le contexte d'un service militaire de santé qui n'est pas autonome avant 1882, l'article s'interroge sur la création et le perfectionnement de ce mode opérationnel de construction. Les hôpitaux sous tentes et baraqués, complétés en 1914 par les hôpitaux flottants et les trains ambulances, marquent des évolutions dans le traitement chirurgical sur le champ de bataille. Ils s'inscrivent efficacement au plus près des malades et des blessés dans le lent processus de diversification et de spécialisation des hôpitaux français tout en contribuant au progrès de l'hygiène. L'emploi de ce dispositif en temps de paix par le service de santé civil replace les progrès de la médicalisation et des principes hygiéniques dans le service de santé militaire au cœur du développement des hôpitaux en France

Closed-Loop Brain Devices in Offender Rehabilitation: Autonomy, Human Rights, and Accountability

The current debate on closed-loop brain devices (CBDs) focuses on their use in a medical context; possible criminal justice applications have not received scholarly attention. Unlike in medicine, in criminal justice, CBDs might be offered on behalf of the State and for the purpose of protecting security, rather than realising healthcare aims. It would be possible to deploy CBDs in the rehabilitation of convicted offenders, similarly to the much-debated possibility of employing other brain interventions in this context. Although such use of CBDs could in principle be consensual, there are significant differences between the choice faced by a criminal offender offered a CBD in the context of criminal justice, and that faced by a patient offered a CBD in an ordinary healthcare context. Employment of CBDs in criminal justice thus raises ethical and legal intricacies not raised by healthcare applications. This paper examines some of these issues under three heads: autonomy, human rights, and accountability

La Rochelle, one of the first French nineteenth-century seaside resorts : a dream that failed to come true.

ISBN : 1904303722 ; 521 p.International audienceLa Rochelle, in 1822, had been equipped with its first sea baths, the Bains sainte-Thérèse. In spite of this, its visitors were few in 19th century.La Rochelle, en 1822, a été équipé de ses premiers bains de mer, les Bains Sainte-Thérèse. En dépit de cela, les visiteurs étaient peu nombreux au XIXeme siècle

Neuroprediction and A.I. in Forensic Psychiatry and Criminal Justice: A Neurolaw Perspective

Advances in the use of neuroimaging in combination with A.I., and specifically the use of machine learning techniques, have led to the development of brain-reading technologies which, in the nearby future, could have many applications, such as lie detection, neuromarketing or brain-computer interfaces. Some of these could, in principle, also be used in forensic psychiatry. The application of these methods in forensic psychiatry could, for instance, be helpful to increase the accuracy of risk assessment and to identify possible interventions. This technique could be referred to as ‘A.I. neuroprediction,’ and involves identifying potential neurocognitive markers for the prediction of recidivism. However, the future implications of this technique and the role of neuroscience and A.I. in violence risk assessment remain to be established. In this paper, we review and analyze the literature concerning the use of brain-reading A.I. for neuroprediction of violence and rearrest to identify possibilities and challenges in the future use of these techniques in the fields of forensic psychiatry and criminal justice, considering legal implications and ethical issues. The analysis suggests that additional research is required on A.I. neuroprediction techniques, and there is still a great need to understand how they can be implemented in risk assessment in the field of forensic psychiatry. Besides the alluring potential of A.I. neuroprediction, we argue that its use in criminal justice and forensic psychiatry should be subjected to thorough harms/benefits analyses not only when these technologies will be fully available, but also while they are being researched and developed

Free will, neuroscience, and choice: towards a decisional capacity model for insanity defense evaluations

Il libero arbitrio è stato spesso considerato una tematica centrale nella dottrina della responsabilità criminale. Ciononostante, il concetto stesso di libero arbitrio presenta intrinseche problematiche nella sua definizione teorica e applicazione pratica in un contesto clinico/ forense ed è intensamente dibattuto. Nello specifico, l’esistenza stessa del libero arbitrio è stata recentemente posta in discussione anche sulla base di alcune evidenze sperimentali neuroscientifiche. Questo dibattito ha implicazioni significative in quei campi in cui l’associazione tra libertà di scelta è comportamento costituisce il focus di interesse, quali la psichiatria forense. Esiste inoltre una sorta di conflittualità tra la centralità e concezione teorica del libero arbitrio (free will) e il suo status e applicazione pratica. Questo problema ha bisogno di essere affrontato, specialmente all’interno della psichiatria forense, dal momento che risulta rilevante per l’effettiva valutazione dell’infermità di mente. Nel presente articolo cercheremo di rendere operativo il concetto del “libero arbitrio” utilizzando il modello a quattro dimensioni utilizzato per la capacità decisionale, che può essere impiegato nella valutazione forense dell’infermità di mente. Descriveremo i suoi vantaggi e applicazioni per guidare la valutazione dell’infermità di mente. Mentre il libero arbitrio è spesso considerato problematico dal punto di vista delle neuroscienze, questo modello, a nostro avviso, è compatibile con le neuroscienze; inoltre, le valutazioni che utilizzino questo modello possono anche essere arricchite e rafforzate dalle scoperte neuro scientifiche, per esempio riguardo il controllo inibitorioFree will has often been considered central to criminal responsibility. Yet, the concept of free will is also difficult to define and operationalize, and, moreover, it is intensely debated. In particular, the very existence of free will has been denied based on recent neuroscience findings. This debate has significant implications on those fields in which the link between free will and behaviour is the main focus of interest, such as forensic psychiatry. In fact, a tension is often experienced between the centrality of the notion of free will on the one hand, and its controversial status on the other. This tension needs to be addressed, especially in forensic psychiatry, since it is relevant for actual assessments of legal insanity. In the present paper we will try to operationalize “free will” using a fourpartite decision-making capacity model, which can be used in forensic assessment of insanity. We will describe its advantages and application to guide mental insanity assessments. Whereas free will is often considered problematic from a neuroscience perspective, this model, we argue, is compatible with neuroscience; moreover, evaluations using this model can also be informed and strengthened by neuroscientific findings, for example regarding inhibitory control

Validation of in situ applicable measuring techniques for analysis of the water adsorption by stone

As the water adsorbing behaviour (WAB) of stone is a key factor for most degradation processes, its analysis is a decisive aspect when monitoring deterioration and past conservation treatments, or when selecting a proper conservation treatment. In this study the performance of various non-destructive methods for measuring the WAB are compared, with the focus on the effect of the variable factors of the methods caused by their specific design. The methods under study are the contact-sponge method (CSM), the Karsten tube (KT) and the Mirowski pipe (MIR). Their performance is compared with the standardized capillary rise method (CR) and the results are analysed in relation to the open porosity of different lithotypes. Furthermore the effect of practical encumbrances which could limit the application of these methods was valuated. It was found that KT and CSM have complementary fields of investigation, where CSM is capable of measuring the initial water uptake of less porous materials with a high precision, while KT was found commodious for measuring longer contact times for more porous lithotypes. MIR showed too many discommodities, leading to unreliable results. To adequately compare the results of the different methods, the size of the contact area appears to be the most influential factor, whereas the contact material and pressure on the surface do not indicate a significant influence on the results. The study of these factors is currently being extended by visualization of the water adsorption process via X-ray and neutron radiography in combination with physico-mathematical models describing the WAB

Chapter 3 Persuasive technologies and the right to mental liberty

The outline of this chapter is as follows. In section 2 we provide a further definition of PTs, and present some possibilities that PTs offer for the smart correctional rehabilitation of criminal offenders. Next, in section 3, we briefly discuss the right to mental liberty and the extent to which this right is guaranteed by existing European human rights. In section 4, we discuss three considerations that should be relevant in specifying human rights protection against smart rehabilitation. Subsequently, in section 5 we explore whether the use of PTs in the context of smart rehabilitation would infringe an appropriately specified legal right to mental liberty. We suggest that, in this context, it might be difficult to identify compelling distinctions between novel forms of smart rehabilitation and more traditional criminal legal interventions, such as the imposition of a prison sentence or a psychological treatment program

The various faces of vulnerability: offering neurointerventions to criminal offenders

In recent years, we have witnessed considerable progress in neurotechnologies that visualize or alter a person’s brain and mental features. In the near future, some of these technologies could possibly be used to change neural parameters of high-risk behavior in criminal offenders, often referred to as neurointerventions. The idea of delivering neurointerventions to criminal justice populations has raised fundamental normative concerns, but some authors have argued that offering neurointerventions to convicted offenders could be permissible. However, such offers raise normative concerns too. One prominent worry that is often emphasized in the literature, relates to the vulnerability of convicted offenders in prison and forensic patients in mental health facilities. In this paper, we aim to show that as far as vulnerability is considered relevant within the context of offering medical interventions to offenders, it could contribute to arguments against as well as in favor of these offers