98 research outputs found

    Eliciting preferences on multiattribute societies with a Choquet integral

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    This paper aims at reexamining the construction of indicators of standards of living, by focussing on the challenges raised by the subjectivity and the multidimensionality of living conditions. For that purpose, we propose to apply Choquet integral-based multiattribute value theory to the elicitation, from rankings of multiattribute hypothetical societies, of individual's preferences on different dimensions of living conditions. A simple application of the proposed approach highlights the existence of complementarities and redundancies between different dimensions of standards of living, and reveals a strong heterogeneity of individual preferences on hypothetical societies. We explore also how elicited preferences can be used to cast a new light on the ranking of actual multiattribute societies.Ce papier a pour but de rĂ©examiner la construction d'indicateurs de conditions de vie, en mettant une emphase particuliĂšre sur les dĂ©fis posĂ©s par la subjectivitĂ© et la multidimensionnalitĂ© des conditions de vie. A cette fin, nous proposons d'appliquer la thĂ©orie de l'utilitĂ© multi-attributs (MAUT) basĂ©e sur l'intĂ©grale de Choquet Ă  l'Ă©licitation, Ă  partir des classements de sociĂ©tĂ©s hypothĂ©tiques multidimensionnelles, des prĂ©fĂ©rences individuelles sur les diverses dimensions des conditions de vie. Une application simple de l'approche proposĂ©e met en Ă©vidence l'existence de complĂ©mentaritĂ©s et de redondances entre les diverses dimensions des conditions de vie et rĂ©vĂšle une forte hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des prĂ©fĂ©rences sur les sociĂ©tĂ©s hypothĂ©tiques. Nous explorons Ă©galement comment les prĂ©fĂ©rences ainsi Ă©licitĂ©es peuvent ensuite ĂȘtre utilisĂ©es afin d'apporter une lumiĂšre nouvelle sur le classement des sociĂ©tĂ©s actuelles multidimensionnelles

    0012: Cardiac effects of a treatment with prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors (PHI), used to improve exercise performance, in sedentary and trained rats

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    Stabilization of the Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) using prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors (PHI) leads to an EPO synthesis which is suspected to be used as a doping practice. Such a treatment is suspected to improve endurance performance by increasing oxygen transport. However the effects of a PHI treatment on heart morphology and function has never been investigated. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate whether potential effects of PHI on cardiac function could contribute to explain its beneficial effect on aerobic performance.We tested the effects of a 1 week treatment with a PHI (DMOG, 150mg.kg–1, I.P.) or a placebo (NaCl) on both sedentary (Sed) and trained rats (Ex; trained during 5 weeks before treatment started; 40min at 25m.min–1 per day; 5days/week). Our first result was that PHI increased running performance (+12%, p<0,05) in both Sed and Ex groups. This increased performance was associated with a major increase in total hemoglobin in PHI-treated animals (+13% p<0,05). However, regarding cardiac function and cardiac remodeling no beneficial effect of PHI was observed. Indeed, in hearts of sedentary as well as exercised rats no significal change in any morphological parameters (LVEDs, LVEDd, AWTd, PWTd and RWT) was found. Moreover, no change in systolic function likely to explain enhanced exercise performance was observed in PHI-treated hearts, when evaluated by intraventricular pressure probe (Millar¼). Finally it is interesting to note that in sedentary rat hearts an impairment of diastolic function characterized by an altered E/A and dp/dtmin ratios was found when they were challenged with isoproterenol (0,5mg.kg-1). These last results obtained in sedentary hearts could suggest that a more prolonged treatment with such PHI could have deleterious consequences on heart health and point out the danger of such a doping strategy; however, this point remains to be more precisely investigated

    Abstracts from the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Meeting 2016

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    Search for eccentric black hole coalescences during the third observing run of LIGO and Virgo

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    Despite the growing number of confident binary black hole coalescences observed through gravitational waves so far, the astrophysical origin of these binaries remains uncertain. Orbital eccentricity is one of the clearest tracers of binary formation channels. Identifying binary eccentricity, however, remains challenging due to the limited availability of gravitational waveforms that include effects of eccentricity. Here, we present observational results for a waveform-independent search sensitive to eccentric black hole coalescences, covering the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO and Virgo detectors. We identified no new high-significance candidates beyond those that were already identified with searches focusing on quasi-circular binaries. We determine the sensitivity of our search to high-mass (total mass M&gt;70 M⊙) binaries covering eccentricities up to 0.3 at 15 Hz orbital frequency, and use this to compare model predictions to search results. Assuming all detections are indeed quasi-circular, for our fiducial population model, we place an upper limit for the merger rate density of high-mass binaries with eccentricities 0&lt;e≀0.3 at 0.33 Gpc−3 yr−1 at 90\% confidence level

    Pollution de type urbaine au monoxyde de carbone et sensibilitĂ© du myocarde au syndrome d’ischĂ©mie-reperfusion : rĂŽle cardioprotecteur de l’exercice

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    Epidemiological studies suggested that carbon monoxide (CO) urban air pollution is mainly related to cardiovascular mortality. In addition, recent experimental studies have highlighted that CO exposure was responsible for the development of cardiomyocytes’ pathological remodeling, which can render the heart more vulnerable to acute stresses. Therefore, the aim of this experimental work was to i) evaluate the impact of prolonged exposure to simulated CO urban pollution on the sensitivity of the myocardium to IR ; and ii) evaluate potential cardioprotective effects of regular bouts of endurance training in this model. 187 Wistar rats were separated into 3 groups : control rats, CO rats exposed during 4 weeks to CO (30-100 ppm), and CO exercised rats. Myocardial sensibility to IR was evaluated with a regional ischemia performed on a Langendorff model of isolated heart. Moreover, the cardiomyocytes’ function and calcium handling were evaluated at basal conditions, following a protocol of cellular anoxia and reoxygenation. The results of this study confirm that chronic exposure to CO is responsible for cardiac phenotypic changes, which are characterized in this work by an imbalance in the cardiomyocytes’ oxidative status, an impairment of calcium handling and iNOS expression. These phenotypic changes were associated in this work with higher heart vulnerability to IR. Another major result of this study is that regular bouts of endurance training conducted prior to CO exposure prevented the pathological cardiac remodeling, consequently leading to higher heart vulnerability due to IRDiverses Ă©tudes Ă©pidĂ©miologiques ont mis en Ă©vidence une relation Ă©troite entre pollution urbaine au monoxyde de carbone (CO) et mortalitĂ© cardiovasculaire. RĂ©cemment il a Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence, chez le rat, qu'une exposition prolongĂ©e Ă  ce polluant urbain avait pour consĂ©quence le dĂ©veloppement d'un phĂ©notype cellulaire pathologique, pouvant influencer la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© du coeur Ă  un stress aigu. L'objectif de nos travaux Ă©tait donc i) d'Ă©valuer l'impact de la pollution au CO, sur la sensibilitĂ© du myocarde de rats au syndrome d'ischĂ©mie-reperfusion (IR) ; et ii) d'Ă©valuer les effets potentiellement cardioprotecteurs d'un exercice pratiquĂ© rĂ©guliĂšrement Ă  intensitĂ© modĂ©rĂ©e, sur le remodelage phĂ©notypique cellulaire myocardique. Pour cela, 187 rats Wistar ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©parĂ©s en 3 groupes : des rats contrĂŽles, des rats exposĂ©s pendant 4 semaines au CO (30-100 ppm), et des rats entraĂźnĂ©s en endurance avant d'ĂȘtre exposĂ©s au CO. La sensibilitĂ© Ă  l'IR Ă©tait Ă©valuĂ©e par ischĂ©mie rĂ©gionale rĂ©alisĂ©e sur modĂšle de coeur isolĂ© perfusĂ© de Langendorff. La fonction et les mouvements calciques de cardiomyocytes isolĂ©s Ă©tait Ă©valuĂ©s en condition basale et consĂ©cutivement Ă  un protocole d'anoxie-rĂ©oxygĂ©nation. Les rĂ©sultats de ce travail confirment l'apparition d’un phĂ©notype pathologique chez les rats exposĂ©s de façon prolongĂ©e au CO. Ce phĂ©notype pathologique caractĂ©risĂ© dans notre travail par une altĂ©ration de l’homĂ©ostasie calcique et du statut redox cellulaire ainsi qu'une expression tissulaire de iNOS apparait comme Ă  l'origine de la plus grande vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© du coeur Ă  un stress d’IR. Un autre rĂ©sultat majeur de ce travail est qu’une stratĂ©gie de cardioprotection par un exercice d'intensitĂ© modĂ©rĂ©e pratiquĂ© de maniĂšre rĂ©guliĂšre, permet de prĂ©venir le remodelage pathologique cardiomyocytaire et ainsi l'augmentation de la sensibilitĂ© du myocarde Ă  l'I

    Simulated urban carbon monoxide air pollution and rat heart ischemia-reperfusion injury : cardioprotective effects of exercise

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    Diverses Ă©tudes Ă©pidĂ©miologiques ont mis en Ă©vidence une relation Ă©troite entre pollution urbaine au monoxyde de carbone (CO) et mortalitĂ© cardiovasculaire. RĂ©cemment il a Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence, chez le rat, qu'une exposition prolongĂ©e Ă  ce polluant urbain avait pour consĂ©quence le dĂ©veloppement d'un phĂ©notype cellulaire pathologique, pouvant influencer la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© du coeur Ă  un stress aigu. L'objectif de nos travaux Ă©tait donc i) d'Ă©valuer l'impact de la pollution au CO, sur la sensibilitĂ© du myocarde de rats au syndrome d'ischĂ©mie-reperfusion (IR) ; et ii) d'Ă©valuer les effets potentiellement cardioprotecteurs d'un exercice pratiquĂ© rĂ©guliĂšrement Ă  intensitĂ© modĂ©rĂ©e, sur le remodelage phĂ©notypique cellulaire myocardique. Pour cela, 187 rats Wistar ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©parĂ©s en 3 groupes : des rats contrĂŽles, des rats exposĂ©s pendant 4 semaines au CO (30-100 ppm), et des rats entraĂźnĂ©s en endurance avant d'ĂȘtre exposĂ©s au CO. La sensibilitĂ© Ă  l'IR Ă©tait Ă©valuĂ©e par ischĂ©mie rĂ©gionale rĂ©alisĂ©e sur modĂšle de coeur isolĂ© perfusĂ© de Langendorff. La fonction et les mouvements calciques de cardiomyocytes isolĂ©s Ă©tait Ă©valuĂ©s en condition basale et consĂ©cutivement Ă  un protocole d'anoxie-rĂ©oxygĂ©nation. Les rĂ©sultats de ce travail confirment l'apparition d’un phĂ©notype pathologique chez les rats exposĂ©s de façon prolongĂ©e au CO. Ce phĂ©notype pathologique caractĂ©risĂ© dans notre travail par une altĂ©ration de l’homĂ©ostasie calcique et du statut redox cellulaire ainsi qu'une expression tissulaire de iNOS apparait comme Ă  l'origine de la plus grande vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© du coeur Ă  un stress d’IR. Un autre rĂ©sultat majeur de ce travail est qu’une stratĂ©gie de cardioprotection par un exercice d'intensitĂ© modĂ©rĂ©e pratiquĂ© de maniĂšre rĂ©guliĂšre, permet de prĂ©venir le remodelage pathologique cardiomyocytaire et ainsi l'augmentation de la sensibilitĂ© du myocarde Ă  l'IREpidemiological studies suggested that carbon monoxide (CO) urban air pollution is mainly related to cardiovascular mortality. In addition, recent experimental studies have highlighted that CO exposure was responsible for the development of cardiomyocytes’ pathological remodeling, which can render the heart more vulnerable to acute stresses. Therefore, the aim of this experimental work was to i) evaluate the impact of prolonged exposure to simulated CO urban pollution on the sensitivity of the myocardium to IR ; and ii) evaluate potential cardioprotective effects of regular bouts of endurance training in this model. 187 Wistar rats were separated into 3 groups : control rats, CO rats exposed during 4 weeks to CO (30-100 ppm), and CO exercised rats. Myocardial sensibility to IR was evaluated with a regional ischemia performed on a Langendorff model of isolated heart. Moreover, the cardiomyocytes’ function and calcium handling were evaluated at basal conditions, following a protocol of cellular anoxia and reoxygenation. The results of this study confirm that chronic exposure to CO is responsible for cardiac phenotypic changes, which are characterized in this work by an imbalance in the cardiomyocytes’ oxidative status, an impairment of calcium handling and iNOS expression. These phenotypic changes were associated in this work with higher heart vulnerability to IR. Another major result of this study is that regular bouts of endurance training conducted prior to CO exposure prevented the pathological cardiac remodeling, consequently leading to higher heart vulnerability due to I

    Human lifetime entropy in a historical perspective (1750–2014)

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    International audienceThis paper uses Shannon’s entropy index to the base 2 to quantify the risk relative to the age at death in terms of bits (i.e. the amount of information revealed by tossing a fair coin). We first provide a simple decomposition of Shannon’s lifetime entropy index that allows us to analyse the determinants of lifetime entropy (in particular its relation with Wiener’s entropy of the event “death at a particular age conditional on survival to that age”) and to study how the risk about the duration of life is resolved as the individual becomes older. Then, using data on 37 countries from the Human Mortality Database, we show that, over the last two centuries, (period) lifetime entropy at birth has exhibited, in all countries, an inverted-U shape pattern with a maximum in the first half of the twentieth century (at 6 bits), and reaches, in the early twenty-first century, 5.6 bits for men and 5.5 bits for women. It is also shown that the entropy age profile shifted from a non-monotonic profile (in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries) to a strictly decreasing profile (in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries)

    Human Lifetime Entropy in a Historical Perspective (1750-2014)

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    Although it is widely acknowledged that life is risky, it is difficult to provide an intuitiveindicator of the riskiness of life, whose metric would have a concrete counterpart for the layman.This paper uses the Shannon entropy index to the base 2 to quantify, in terms of bits (i.e. the amount of information revealed by tossing a fair coin), the risk relative to the age at death in 37 countries from the Human Mortality Database. We identify 5 major stylized facts: (1) over the last two centuries, (period) life entropy at birth exhibits an inverted U shape pattern with a maximum in the first half of the 20th century (at about 6 bits); (2) over the last 150 years, Western countries have converged in terms of (period) life entropy at birth towards levels of 5.6 bits for men and 5.5 bits for women; (3) curves of (period) life entropy at birth for men and women crossed during the 20th century; (4) the entropy age profi le shifted from a non-monotonic profi le (in the 18th and 19th centuries) to a strictly decreasing pro file (in the 20th and 21th centuries); (5) men exhibit a higher life entropy than women below ages 50-55, and a lower one after ages 50-55

    Influence des interactions entre écrans de soutÚnement sur le calcul de la butée

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    La mobilisation de la butĂ©e devant un Ă©cran implique un volume de sol important, sur une distance plus grande que la fiche et qui dĂ©pend des paramĂštres du calcul. L’article passe en revue les mĂ©thodes de calcul utilisĂ©es pour Ă©valuer la butĂ©e, en insistant sur la distance nĂ©cessaire au libre dĂ©veloppement du mĂ©canisme de butĂ©e. Il Ă©value ensuite de diffĂ©rentes façons l’effet de l’interaction entre deux Ă©crans placĂ©s face Ă  face de part et d’autre d’une excavation. La mĂ©thode recommandĂ©e pour calculer la butĂ©e mobilisable consiste Ă  faire un calcul en Ă©lĂ©ments finis avec des valeurs rĂ©duites des paramĂštres de rĂ©sistance au cisaillement dans la zone oĂč se dĂ©veloppera la butĂ©e. Cette dĂ©marche permet de dĂ©terminer des facteurs correctifs Ă  appliquer au calcul de la butĂ©e d’un Ă©cran isolĂ© en fonction du rapport de la distance entre Ă©crans Ă  leur fiche
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