Monitoring Black Sea environmental changes from space: New products for altimetry, ocean colour and salinity. Potentialities and requirements for a dedicated in-situ observing system

21 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables, supplementary material https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.998970/full#supplementary-material.-- Data availability statement: The datasets generated for this study can be found on the web interface (http://www.eo4sibs.uliege.be/) and on Zenodo under data doi: 10.5281/zenodo.6397223 with a full documentation that include Products User Manuals (PUM) and Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). All these products are distributed in netCDF files Grégoire et al. (2022). SMOS SSS and CDM products are also available at https://bec.icm.csic.es/bec-ftp-service/In this paper, satellite products developed during the Earth Observation for Science and Innovation in the Black Sea (EO4SIBS) ESA project are presented. Ocean colour, sea level anomaly and sea surface salinity datasets are produced for the last decade and validated with regional in-situ observations. New data processing is tested to appropriately tackle the Black Sea’s particular configuration and geophysical characteristics. For altimetry, the full rate (20Hz) altimeter measurements from Cryosat-2 and Sentinel-3A are processed to deliver a 5Hz along-track product. This product is combined with existing 1Hz product to produce gridded datasets for the sea level anomaly, mean dynamic topography, geostrophic currents. This new set of altimetry gridded products offers a better definition of the main Black Sea current, a more accurate reconstruction and characterization of eddies structure, in particular, in coastal areas, and improves the observable wavelength by a factor of 1.6. The EO4SIBS sea surface salinity from SMOS is the first satellite product for salinity in the Black Sea. Specific data treatments are applied to remedy the issue of land-sea and radio frequency interference contamination and to adapt the dielectric constant model to the low salinity and cold waters of the Black Sea. The quality of the SMOS products is assessed and shows a significant improvement from Level-2 to Level -3 and Level-4 products. Level-4 products accuracy is 0.4-0.6 psu, a comparable value to that in the Mediterranean Sea. On average SMOS sea surface salinity is lower than salinity measured by Argo floats, with a larger error in the eastern basin. The adequacy of SMOS SSS to reproduce the spatial characteristics of the Black Sea surface salinity and, in particular, plume patterns is analyzed. For ocean colour, chlorophyll-a, turbidity and suspended particulate materials are proposed using regional calibrated algorithms and satellite data provided by OLCI sensor onboard Sentinel-3 mission. The seasonal cycle of ocean colour products is described and a water classification scheme is proposed. The development of these three types of products has suffered from important in-situ data gaps that hinder a sound calibration of the algorithms and a proper assessment of the datasets quality. We propose recommendations for improving the in-situ observing system that will support the development of satellite productsThis work has been carried out as part of the European Space Agency contract Earth Observation data For Science and Innovations in the Black Sea (EO4SIBS, ESA contract n° 4000127237/19/I-EF). MG received fundings from the Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 BRIDGE-BS project under grant agreement No. 101000240 and by the Project CE2COAST funded by ANR(FR), BELSPO (BE), FCT (PT), IZM (LV), MI (IE), MIUR (IT), Rannis (IS), and RCN (NO) through the 2019 “Joint Transnational Call on Next Generation Climate Science in Europe for Oceans” initiated by JPI Climate and JPI Oceans. The research on SMOS SSS has been also supported in part by the Spanish R&D project INTERACT (PID2020-114623RB-C31), which is funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, funding from the Spanish government through the “Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence” accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) and the CSIC Thematic Interdisciplinary Platform TeledetectPeer reviewe

3.7 A benthic hypoxia index (BHindex) for assessing the Good Environmental Status of the Black Sea's north-western shelf waters

peer reviewe

Development of Sprayable sunscreen products with high sun protector factor

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Do intraoperative analgesics influence oncological outcomes after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer?

The potential impact of intraoperative analgesics on oncological outcome after radical prostatectomy is debated. Some investigators have suggested that use of opioids favour relapse, whereas regional analgesia and NSAIDs improve oncological outcomes

Marché du travail et genre: Maghreb-Europe

Cet ouvrage collectif présente un tour d'horizon de recherches qui, dans différentes dsiciplines, sur plusieurs pays et avec des approches théoriques diverses, traitent de l'activité professionnelle des femmes dans trois pays du Maghreb (Algérie, Maroc, Tunisie) ainsi que de la situation des femmes émigrées de ces pays en Europe. Avec la perspective d'étudier les spécificités, points communs et synergies possibles entre les pays du Maghreb et l'Europe.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Monitoring the Black Sea environmental changes from Space

Living Planet Symposium, 23-27 May 2022, Bonn, GermanyThe Black Sea is a small enclosed basin where coastal regions have a large influence and mesoscale signals dominate the dynamics (the Rossby radius of deformation is about 20km). Large riverine inputs, mainly on the northwestern shelf, induce well-marked horizontal gradients in the distribution of the Black Sea salinity and optical characteristics: coastal and shelf waters have very low salinity and contain large amounts of optically active materials (e.g. coloured dissolved organic matter) and its oligotrophic deep sea has a salinity around 18.2. The presence of these contrasting water characteristics in a relatively small enclosed environment, combined with land contamination and the specificities of its atmospheric composition(e.g. high cloud coverage, aerosols) make the Black Sea a challenging area for the development of high quality satellite products. We present results from the ESA EO4SIBS (Earth Observation for Science and Innovation in the Black Sea) project dedicated to the development, and subsequent scientific analysis, of new algorithms for the development of satellite products in the Black Sea. In particular, ocean colour products (chlorophyll-a, total suspended matter concentrations, turbidity) are produced from Sentinel 3 (S3) OLCI data combining different algorithms and then, a classification of water masses is proposed. A revised gridded altimetry product based on 5-Hz along track data (combining Cryosat and S3 SAR over 2011-2019) is produced and validated in the coastal zone with tide gauge data. L2, L3 and L4 Sea Surface Salinity is derived over 2011-2020 from the L-Band measured by SMOS and compared with in-situ surface salinity data from field sampling and Argo. In the presentation, we will describe the technical development that are needed to obtain high quality products in the Black Sea. An experimental CDOM product is also proposed. All these products are integrated to further understand the Black Sea physical and biogeochemical functioning. For instance, the Black Sea mesoscale dynamics are inferred from the 5-Hz altimetry product using an eddy detection and tracking algorithm. The benefit of assimilating ocean colour data in the Black Sea operational model (also known as CMEMS BS-MFC BIO) for the prediction of the Black Sea ecosystem is illustrated as for instance the simulation of particularly intense blooms in June 2017. EO4SIBS Gridded products are archived as CF-compliant NetCDF files and disseminated through ncWMS protocol. We conclude with a set of recommendations for observational requirements needed to increase the quality of satellite products in the Black Sea and to be able to use the full potential of current and new information provided by satellitesPeer reviewe

Monitoring and Forecasting the Ocean State and Biogeochemical Processes in the Black Sea: Recent Developments in the Copernicus Marine Service

The Black Sea Monitoring and Forecasting Center (BS-MFC) is the European reference service for the provision of ocean analyses, forecasts, and reanalyses in the Black Sea basin. It is part of the Copernicus Marine Environment and Monitoring Service (CMEMS) and ensures a high level of efficiency in terms of operations, science, and technology for predictions and the monitoring of physical and biogeochemical processes in the Black Sea. The operational BS-MFC framework is based on state-of-the-art numerical models for hydrodynamics, biogeochemistry, and waves; analysis, forecast, and reanalysis are provided on a spatial grid with about 3 km of horizontal resolution that covers the whole Black Sea basin (the Azov Sea is not included). The scientific assessment of BS-MFC products is performed by implementing a product quality dashboard that provides pre-qualification and operational model skills according to GODAE/OceanPredict standards. Novel interfaces based on high-resolution models are part of the scientific development plan to ensure a strong connection with the nearest seas from a modelling point of view, in particular with the Mediterranean Sea. To improve forecasting skills, dedicated online coupled systems are being developed, which involve physics, biogeochemistry, and waves together with the atmosphere and, in the future, with ensemble forecasting methodologies and river-ocean interfaces