23 research outputs found

    Concevoir en partenariat une EcoViticulture ECOnomiquement viable et ECOlogiquement responsable par rapport aux pesticides (EcoViti)

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    InitiĂ© en 2010, le projet Casdar EcoViti a proposĂ© et testĂ© une dĂ©marche s’appuyant sur des connaissances expertes pour la conception de systĂšmes viticoles innovants Ă  bas intrants phytosanitaires. L’évaluation des performances et le rĂ©-ajustement des prototypes conçus se fait au sein d’un rĂ©seau de plateformes d’expĂ©rimentation installĂ©es dans les grandes rĂ©gions viticoles françaises. Une mĂ©thode et des outils adaptĂ©s Ă  la viticulture ont Ă©tĂ© produits et formalisĂ©s. Les premiers rĂ©sultats d’EcoViti montrent des performances environnementales et Ă©conomiques satisfaisantes pour encourager l’évolution des systĂšmes viticoles vers une moindre dĂ©pendance aux intrants

    Dexipm-Grapevine: a multicriteria assessment tool of the sustainability for grapevine farming systems

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    The development of innovative farming systems to reach new goals of agricultural sustainability needs new methods for efficiency assessment. DEXiPM-Grapevine© is a multicriteria assessment tool for overall sustainability of grapevine farming systems adapted from DEXiPM arable crops (Pelzer et al, 2012). DEXiPM-Grapevine© was implemented during the European PURE Project 2012-2015 (Integrated Pest Management (IPM) solutions in agriculture) in order to assess and compare various innovative grapevine systems. This model includes 65 basic attributes describing the cropping system, which are then combined into 97 aggregated attributes, designed to assess the economic, social and environmental performances. This model is based on expert knowledge and agricultural surveys, to define thresholds of classes for each attribute and the weighting of the aggregations. A guide helps users to adjust these parameter specific features due to local context. We tested DEXiPM-Grapevine© on innovative grapevine systems, designed with low pesticides use, and experimented at field scale in the French EcoViti Network. We made bothex ante and ex post analyses of experimented systems in order to sort them and to adjust their strategies. Three main strategies ofpesticide reduction are explored: (i) IPM, (ii) alternative products, organic and biocontrol approach, (iii) pesticide-free cropping systems based on new grapevine mildew resistant varieties. Seven prototypes are tested on INRA experimental farms in Angers(Loire Valley, center of France), Bordeaux (Atlantic region), and Montpellier (Mediterranean region). The first DEXiPMGrapevine© assessments show a high environmental performance of innovative biocontrol strategies, and new resistant varieties.However, IPM strategies have the best overall sustainability with better economic and social assessments. DEXiPM-Grapevine©supports the analysis of performances and helps to identify the strengths/weaknesses of the tested prototypes. This tool can be used for ex ante assessment to guide the designing of cropping systems. It can also enable to re-adjust the prototypes after fieldexperimentations. A third use for farmers' advisors is to help producers to modify their farming systems to enhance the sustainability of their farm

    Evaluation and design of multispecies cropping systems with perennials: are current methods applicable?

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    The existing methods are applicable to multispecies cropping systems with perennials. However, the particular features of these cropping systems highlight the drawbacks of each of them. Therefore, combining these approaches, where and when it is possible, should be preferred. Whatever the method, evaluation of the new systems requires new indicators development, to account for the multiple productions with very different timescales and serving varying objectives. Development of simple and effective sets of indicators adapted to these systems is a powerful tool to boost the design realm, for practitioners and researchers alike

    Towards an agroecological viticulture: advances and challenges

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    To improve its sustainability, viticulture should increase the provision of ecosystem services to decrease its use of inputs and the resulting environmental impact while maintaining high socio-economic performance. Soil functions in relation with their physical, chemical and biological properties can be regulated by proper soil surface management. Cover crops deliver ecosystem services such as protection of soils, better water infiltration and nitrogen fixation. Yet to avoid trade-off between provision of services and production of grapes, the management of cover crops should adapt to climate variations and to the yield objective. Pest and diseases can be regulated by various technical levers, including the control of the grape vegetative development. The assessment of damages due to pests and disease and of their consequences on yield losses is a key component of the design of alternative strategies of crop protection. This knowledge provides clues for designing management strategies with low pesticide use and high agro-ecological performance. A French national network of experiments has quantified the reduction of pesticide use with decision support systems, biocontrol or resistant varieties. To go further the challenge is now to design agroecological vineyards that combine innovations in management, and also in spatial organization at field, farm and landscape scales

    A prototyping method for the re-design of intensive perennial systems: the case of vineyards in France

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    The results of our re-design and experimentation of grapevine agrosystem, as well as on the other crops (Lançon et al., 2007 and Wery & Langeveld, 2010) show promising perspectives of the prototyping method to achieve high goals for performance and innovation. The complexity of the grapevine agrosystem (ie the number of technical interventions and their potential interactions) requires a strong systemic approach at the interface between the technical and biophysical dimensions of cropping systems (Rapidel et al., 2009). The approach must implement agro-ecological processes to greatly limit inputs. It also required a high innovation and significant changes in the grapevine agrosystem genetics, structure and management. Our results point out the need to re-design grapevine systems from the crop plantation with new varieties, new training systems and with intercrops aiming to improve ecosystem services and maintain a very high level of sustainability criteria

    Application of the approach system in viticulture

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    DEXiPM VigneÂź (version 1.0), un outil pour l’analyse de la durabilitĂ© des systĂšmes de culture viticoles. Manuel des entrĂ©es de DEXiPM VigneÂź

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    il s'agit d'un type de produit dont les mĂ©tadonnĂ©es ne correspondent pas aux mĂ©tadonnĂ©es attendues dans les autres types de produit : REPORTLe modĂšle d’évaluation multicritĂšre de systĂšmes de culture (SdC) DEXiPM (pour DEXi Pest Management) a Ă©tĂ© initialement conçu dans le cadre du rĂ©seau d’excellence europĂ©enENDURE1 pour Ă©valuer la durabilitĂ© de SdC innovants en grandes cultures. Son adaptation au domaine viticole a Ă©tĂ© initiĂ©e par les travaux de Delmotte et al. (2008). Etablie Ă  partir de ce prototype, la premiĂšre version de DEXiPM VigneÂź a Ă©tĂ© complĂ©tĂ©e et validĂ©e pour les SdC mĂ©diterranĂ©ens (Aouadi, 2010). Le modĂšle a ensuite Ă©tĂ© enrichi pour intĂ©grer des contextes pĂ©doclimatiques extra-mĂ©diterranĂ©ens et rĂ©pondre aux problĂ©matiques de durabilitĂ© propres Ă  d’autres rĂ©gions viticoles. Dans le cadre du projet europĂ©en PURE2, les branches Ă©conomique et environnementale de l’arborescence ont Ă©tĂ© perfectionnĂ©es lors de travaux collaboratifs rĂ©unissant diffĂ©rents chercheurs europĂ©ens (de France, d’Allemagne et d’Italie). Ces amĂ©liorations ont Ă©tĂ© longuement discutĂ©es lors des workshops du WP6 de PURE qui se sont tenus Ă  Florence (22-23 juin 2011), Bordeaux (6 octobre 2011) et Montpellier (18-19 octobre2012).DEXiPM VigneÂź a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© par les Ă©quipes partenaires du projet pour Ă©valuer diffĂ©rentes solutions de protection intĂ©grĂ©e dans des contextes mĂ©diterranĂ©ens, atlantiques et continentaux. DEXiPM VigneÂź a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© paramĂ©trĂ© dans le contexte bourguignon,environnĂ© (manuel des entrĂ©es, manuel d’utilisateur, etc.) et utilisĂ© par le VinipĂŽle Sud Bourgogne pour Ă©valuer la durabilitĂ© d’une vingtaine de SdC du rĂ©seau DEPHY de SaĂŽne et Loire sur deux annĂ©es d’études (Dubuc, 2013). Les trajectoires de sept autres SdC du rĂ©seau DEPHY de la Loire, de Savoie et du Var ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©es Ă  l’INRA de Dijon. Des Ă©valuations comparatives de la durabilitĂ© des expĂ©rimentations du projet PURE en station (dans le cadre du dispositif EXPE du rĂ©seau DEPHY Ecophyto) et en ferme (dans le cadre du dispositif FERME) ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es afin de tester l’efficacitĂ©, la praticabilitĂ© et la pertinence de solutions de protection intĂ©grĂ©e des cultures dans les principales rĂ©gions d’étude.DEXiPM VigneÂź est un OADM3 qui Ă©value la contribution des SdC Ă  la durabilitĂ© des exploitations agricoles pour ses trois piliers Ă©conomique, social et environnemental. Son fonctionnement repose sur une arborescence dĂ©taillĂ©e et transparente qui agrĂšge des informations simples (nombre d’interventions culturales, IFT, etc.) pour estimer des variables complexes (ressources utilisĂ©es, biodiversitĂ© faunistique, etc.). EntiĂšrement qualitatif, ce modĂšle se renseigne Ă  dire d’expert (ses 65 entrĂ©es sont dĂ©crites par des classes qualitatives telles que faible, moyen, Ă©levĂ© par exemple) Ă  partir de donnĂ©es, chiffrĂ©es ou non, converties en classes qualitatives. L’évaluation des entrĂ©es (ou « critĂšre de base ») ne requiert pas de rĂ©fĂ©rences technico-Ă©conomiques particuliĂšres et ne fait appel Ă  aucun modĂšle externe. Dans ce prĂ©sent document figure un descriptif dĂ©taillĂ© des entrĂ©es du modĂšle (critĂšres Ă  renseigner par l’utilisateur), de leurs modalitĂ©s (ou « classes qualitatives ») et de la mĂ©thode proposĂ©e pour les renseigner. Vous trouverez Ă©galement un tableau rĂ©capitulatif des critĂšres dont les seuils des classes qualitatives peuvent ĂȘtre adaptĂ©s aux pratiques locales (nombre d’interventions de travail du sol, IFT, etc.) si le modĂšle est utilisĂ© dans un objectif de conseil. Selon le critĂšre concernĂ©, les seuils sont Ă  dĂ©finir (i) Ă  partir des donnĂ©es officielles d’enquĂȘtes des pratiques culturales (dans la limite de leur disponibilitĂ©), ou (ii) Ă  dire d’experts (tableau 1). Il est important de convenir d’un paramĂ©trage unique par rĂ©gion d’étude. De plus, seuls des SdC Ă©valuĂ©s avec ce paramĂ©trage du modĂšle et ayant le mĂȘme contexte de production pourront ĂȘtre comparĂ©s en termes de durabilitĂ©. Pour toute autre utilisation de DEXiPM VigneÂź (par exemple, comparer la durabilitĂ© d’expĂ©rimentations en station), il est impĂ©ratif de conserver le paramĂ©trage initial de l’outil au risque de biaiser l’analyse de durabilitĂ©

    DEXiPM GrapevineÂź (version 1.0), a tool for analysing the sustainability of grapevine cropping systems. DEXiPM GrapevineÂź data input manual

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    il s'agit d'un type de produit dont les mĂ©tadonnĂ©es ne correspondent pas aux mĂ©tadonnĂ©es attendues dans les autres types de produit : REPORTThe DEXiPM (standing for DEXi Pest Management) multi-criteria evaluation model for cropping systems was originally designed as part of the ENDURE European Network ofExcellence1 for evaluating the sustainability of innovative arable cropping systems. Its adaptation for grapevine was initiated by the work of Delmotte and al. (2008). Based on this prototype, the first version of DEXiPM Vine was completed and validated for Mediterranean cropping systems (Aouadi, 2010). The model was then expanded in order to incorporate soil and weather conditions beyond the Mediterranean and to meet the sustainability issues specific to other wine regions. As part of the PURE European project2, the economic and environmental branches of the tree have been perfected through collaborative work in volving various European researchers (from France, Germany and Italy). These improvements were discussed at length during the PURE WP6 workshops that were held in Florence (22-23 June2011), Bordeaux (6 October 2011) and Montpellier (18-19 October 2012).DEXiPM Vine has been used by project partner teams to evaluate different integrated protection solutions in Mediterranean, Atlantic and continental contexts. DEXiPM Vine has also been parameterised for Burgundy, complete with input and user manuals, and used by the Vini pĂŽle Sud Bourgogne to evaluate the sustainability of 20 cropping systems in the DEPHY network in SaĂŽne and the Loire over a two-year study period (Dubuc, 2013). The trajectories of seven other DEPHY network cropping systems in the Loire, Savoie and Var have been evaluated by the INRA unit in Dijon. Comparative evaluations on the sustainability of PURE experimentation on trial stations (as part of the EXPE programme of the DEPHY Ecophyto network) and on the farm (as part of the FERME programme) have been conducted to test the efficacy, practicality and relevance of integrated crop protection solutions in the major study areas DEXiPM Vine is a MDSS3 which evaluates the contribution of cropping systems to the sustainability of farms for three pillars: economic, social and environmental. It functions on the basis of a detailed and transparent tree that aggregates simple information (number of cultural interventions, TFI etc.) to estimate complex variables (resources used, biodiversity of fauna etc.). Entirely qualitative, the model takes expert judgements (its 65 entries are described by qualitative classes such as low, medium, high, for example) from data, numerical or otherwise, converted into qualitative classes. The evaluation of the inputs (or ‘basic criteria’) requires no particular techno-economic references and uses no external model In this manual we provide a detailed description of the model inputs (the criteria to be specified by the user), their modalities (or ‘qualitative classes’) and the suggested method for using this information. There is also a summary of criteria where the thresholds for qualitative classes can be tailored to local practices (number of interventions for tillage, TFI etc.) if the model is to be used in an advisory capacity. According to the criterion in question, the thresholds should be defined according to (i)official survey data of cultural practices (subject to availability), or (ii) expert opinion(table 1). It is important to fix a unique parameterisation for each region under study. In addition, only cropping systems evaluated with this parameterisation of the model and with the same production context can be compared in terms of sustainability. For any other use of DEXiPM Vine (for example, to compare the sustainability of experimentation conducted ontrial stations), it is imperative to keep the initial setting of the model or their is a risk of creating a bias in the sustainability analysis

    Vers des systĂšmes de culture agroĂ©cologiques - Usage des couverts vĂ©gĂ©taux semĂ©s ou spontanĂ©s comme cultures de services dans les vignobles – Comment raisonner leur pilotage en viticulture ?

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    International audienceLa viticulture doit faire face Ă  diffĂ©rents enjeux agronomiques et environnementaux, sous peine de voir sa durabilitĂ© menacĂ©e. La protection des sols est notamment un enjeu majeur pour la durabilitĂ© des vignobles [1-4], car ils sont un Ă©lĂ©ment clĂ© pour la production viticole et constitutif du concept de terroir [5-7]. Le changement climatique affecte Ă©galement la viticulture et impose de penser Ă  des pratiques alternatives [8,9].Les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques correspondent aux avantages socio-Ă©conomiques retirĂ©s par l’homme de son utilisation durable des fonctions Ă©cologiques des Ă©cosystĂšmes [10]. Les Ă©cosystĂšmes agricoles ont un objectif clairement identifiĂ© de produire de la nourriture, des fibres et de l’énergie (services d’approvisionnement). Pour autant, ils sont susceptibles de fournir d’autres services de rĂ©gulation et conservation ou culturels (figure 1) qui dĂ©pendent des fonctions Ă©cologiques rĂ©alisĂ©es par les organismes [10,11]. Les « cultures de services » (CDS) sont cultivĂ©es dans les vignobles pour la fourniture de services Ă©cosystĂ©miques non marchands. Dit autrement, elles ne sont ni rĂ©coltĂ©es ni exportĂ©es de la parcelle, mais restituĂ©es au sol. Les CDS permettent de protĂ©ger les sols de l’érosion, de rĂ©guler les populations d’adventices et ravageurs, de rĂ©guler les maladies, d’augmenter l’infiltration de l’eau dans les sols et d’amĂ©liorer leur qualitĂ©, d’assurer leur portance, d’entretenir leur biodiversitĂ©, et de contribuer Ă  la sĂ©questration de carbone  [12-16]. L’association de couverts vĂ©gĂ©taux avec la vigne peut Ă©galement gĂ©nĂ©rer une compĂ©tition pour les ressources du sol [17-19]. Les risques de stress et de perte de rendement de la vigne associĂ©s sont souvent les premiĂšres raisons de non-adoption de cette pratique. Ils dĂ©pendent fortement du contexte technique et pĂ©doclimatique des vignobles [20-22]. En ce sens, la forte variabilitĂ© des pratiques au sein des rĂ©gions viticoles rĂ©vĂšle de nombreuses incertitudes quant Ă  la gestion des CDS pour satisfaire les objectifs de production et les services environnementaux [20, 23]. Le terme « cultures de services » permet de souligner l’importance de considĂ©rer ces communautĂ©s de plantes comme des cultures Ă  part entiĂšre Ă  piloter pour obtenir les compromis recherchĂ©s. L’objectif de cet article est de proposer un cadre d’analyse pour le pilotage des CDS dans les vignobles. Nous discutons ici de l’équilibre entre services et dysservices et leur dĂ©pendance au contexte, ainsi qu’aux leviers de pilotage dont disposent les viticulteurs et viticultrices

    DEXiPM grapevine, a multiple criteria model for sustainability assessment of grapevine crop protection strategies

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    International audienceViticulture is characterized by a high use of pesticides compared to other crop industries (Gary et al., 2010),which generates concerns for human health and quality of the environment. Yet the use of pesticides, andother variables of economic importance such as yield, vary a lot among regions and farms within the same region(Meziere et al, 2009). A thorough analysis of the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainabilityis then needed to assess and compare existing cropping systems or prototypes of innovative ones.To this end, DEXiPM, a qualitative multi-criteria assessment tool (Pelzer et al, 2013), was adapted to grapevine.A strong interaction with the first users (members of the FP7 Pure project from France, Germany andItaly) has brought to significant modifications, mainly on the economic and environmental branches. Theworking group has detailed some aspects of the grapevine management such as soil cover and choice of cropprotection products.These changes have been validated by assessing some case studies. A regards the economic sustainability, the selling price considers the expected yield (that may be linked togeographical indications), the certification of specific cultivation practices and the existence of marketingstrategies. The specific case of biocontrol products is considered: they are included in the production cost butnot in the environmental assessment.In the social sustainability branch, few criteria have been modified, such as the risk of contamination by mycotoxinesand the risk of pesticide residues.The three components of the environmental sustainability have been adapted: resource use, environmentalquality and biodiversity. A major change is that the period of cover cropping and percentage of soil coveredhave been introduced as they relate to a number of criteria: water use, pesticide leaching, nitrate leaching,compaction risk, runoff risk and soil organic matter. Pesticide ecotoxicity is assessed with the TFI of a list ofhighly toxic products. The energy consumption criterion has been adapted to include cultivation practicesspecific to viticulture. The organic matter is assessed in relation to specific organic amendments used inviticulture, vine shoot management and soil cover. At last biodiversity has been adapted for both the flora(by considering cover crops, flower strips and hedges) and fauna (by considering the natural enemies in thephyllosphere and pollinators.As a result, the number of attributes of the DEXiPM model for viticulture has been reduced by 10% comparedto the arable crop version. The assessment of contrasted strategies of crop protection provides evidence that specific features of vineyardmanagement have been captured in the new version of DEXiPM for grapevine
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