Investigation on the effects of Inula viscosa L. on rainbow trout gonad cells induced by lipopolysaccharide

Fish cells have been accepted as an alternative to in vivo assay for inflammatory effects of therapeutic experimental systems. To reveal the anti-inflammatory effects of Inula viscosa (IV) fish cell line RTG-2, derived from the gonadal tissue of rainbow trout, was infected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Effective concentrations for different concentrations of LPS (1, 5, 10, 20 µM) and IN (1, 5, 10, 20 µg ml–1) were determined. While the 20 µM concentration of LPS, which was effectively selected from preliminary tests, caused 27% cell loss,  the effective 1 µg ml–1 concentration of IN caused 1.1% proliferation in the cells when compared to the control group. All pro-inflammatory parameters investigated in LPS-induced RTG-2 cells showed up-regulation, with the highest increase in TNF-α gene expression level (11.3 fold changes). Down-regulation was determined in the IN together with LPS administered group and IL-1β had the highest effect with 96%. IL-6 protein level decreased by LPS at a rate of 4% and IN together with LPS increased by 9%. The IN exhibited significant efficacy against inflammation caused by LPS. However, further studies are needed to determine pharmacological activity of I. viscosa in details

A rare case of cardiac alveolar echinococcosis without any complications for eight years

[Abstract Not Available

Soil Water Movement in Vapor and Liquid Phases

One of the well-known characteristics of arid region soils is that the temperature undergoes wide fluctuations throughout the day and throughout the season. These temperature variations induce thermal gradients and temperature differences between locations in the surface soil. Although the existence of these effects is well known, their effect on the processes that occur in the soil is not so well known. One of the problems that has been of considerable interest in recent years is the influence of temperature differences upon the movement of water in the soil. Early investigators of this problem discovered that there was a net water flux from warm to cold in soil materials subjected to a thermal difference, but they became involved in a controversy as to whether the movement was in the vapour or liquid phase. Some studies supported the concept of flow in the vapour phase, and others supported the concept of flow in the liquid phase. A net flux of vapour from warm to cold and liquid from cold to warm was demonstrated in an enclosed and sealed system of porous material, water, and air by Krischer and Rohnalter (1940). This was later confirmed for soil material, using a different technique, by Gurr, Marshall and Hutton (1952), but they obtained a vapour diffusion coefficient that was very much greater than expected on the basis of simple laws of diffusion. Similar studies in sealed systems, using still different techniques, were reported by Taylor and Cavazza (1954), who found that the apparent vapour diffusion coefficient was ten times larger than expected on the basis of simple diffusion laws. Subsequently,. there have been repeated observations of this effect, and several attempts to explain the phenomena based on various analyses of simultaneous movement of water and heat (Philip and Dc Vries. 1957; De Vries, 1958; Derjaguin and Melnikova, 1958)

Some effects of nationwide small ruminant breeding project under the breeder conditions on goat flocks and their owner

The nationwide small ruminant breeding project under the breeder condition has been started in the year of 2005. The project planned to solve some of the problems related with small ruminant breeding system. Especially, to find the solution for inadequate productivity, lack of organisation, insufficient collaborations, low education, and unreliable registration system were the main parts of the mentioned project. Project planned with sub-projects according to districts and breeds. At the beginning, project started with sheep flocks, and then goats were included. Local sheep and goats associations were involved the project. Project personals were chosen and educated according to project rules. Also, meetings were organised with the selected breeders and the breeders were informed about the projects and their duties. In our region we were examined the goat flocks from the year of 2011 to at the end of 2016. During the period of the project some increases on the live weights of the animals have been detected. Also, breeders directly or indirectly had education about their job. At the end of the scheme, some of the positive effects of the project have been observed on the lives of breeders, goats, collaborations and market situations.The nationwide small ruminant breeding project under the breeder condition has been started in the year of 2005. The project planned to solve some of the problems related with small ruminant breeding system. Especially, to find the solution for inadequate productivity, lack of organisation, insufficient collaborations, low education, and unreliable registration system were the main parts of the mentioned project. Project planned with sub-projects according to districts and breeds. At the beginning, project started with sheep flocks, and then goats were included. Local sheep and goats associations were involved the project. Project personals were chosen and educated according to project rules. Also, meetings were organised with the selected breeders and the breeders were informed about the projects and their duties. In our region we were examined the goat flocks from the year of 2011 to at the end of 2016. During the period of the project some increases on the live weights of the animals have been detected. Also, breeders directly or indirectly had education about their job. At the end of the scheme, some of the positive effects of the project have been observed on the lives of breeders, goats, collaborations and market situations

Massive inguinoscrotal bladder hernia causing hydronephrosis: Two cases

• Complete bladder herniation are very rare compared to incomplete bladder herniation. • Massive scrotal cystocele is usually defined with voiding symptoms. • CT, ultrasonography and retrograde cystogram should be performed to determine the involvement of the bladder in cases of massive inguinoscrotal hernias. • In massive scrotal hernia cases, bladder can protrude with the ureter causing hydronephrosis on the affected side. • It is necessary to place urinary catheter to empty the urinary bladder to manage the pain and to decrease the risk of injury of bladder during the surgery

Determination of Parasitic Contamination in Vegetables Collected from Local Markets in İzmir Province, Türkiye

Objective:Fresh vegetables are an important part of a healthy and nutrient-rich diet but the consumption of raw vegetables without proper washing is the main way for transmission of parasites. This study was aimed at determining the rate of parasitic contamination in prewashed fresh vegetables sold at randomly selected 10 retail markets which is the last step to reach the consumer in İzmir, Türkiye.Methods:A total of 80 samples selected from eight types of vegetables including tomato, spinach, lettuce, rocket, mint, parsley, dill, and cucumber were examined for parasitic agents microscopically by sedimentation method after washing samples with normal saline. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 20.0.Results:Protozoan cysts, helminth eggs, and larvae were detected in 21 (26.2%) of 80 samples from eight different vegetable species. Rhabditidiform larvae 18.7%, Blastocystis spp. 5%, Toxocara spp. 2.5%; Ascaris spp., Fasciola spp., Entamoeba histolytica/ Entamoeba dispar and hooked worms were found in 1.2%. Spinach and mint samples were contaminated with parasites significantly more than other fresh vegetable samples (p<0.008, odds ratio =80.0; p<0.017, odds ratio =46.6 respectively). Cruznema spp., a plant nematode, was found at the highest rate according to the results of culture, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing, respectively.Conclusion:In this study, the parasitic contamination was found in approximately one of the four vegetables sold in randomly selected markets in İzmir. These findings show that vegetables sold in local markets can cause parasitic infections if they are consumed without adequate washing and awareness should be raised on this issue. In addition, it was concluded that morphological examinations should be confirmed by molecular studies and sequencing as much as possible in order to avoid misdiagnosis of rhabditidiform larvae

The current status of goat livestock enterprises in Burdur province of Turkey

This research was carried out to determine the present situation of small ruminant enterprises in villages and town of the central district of Burdur province known as “Teke Region” of Turkey. Research data obtained from farmer by face to face questionnaires. Data were collected from 48 goats enterprises at 22 villages and town. The average number of goat per enterprise was found 117.9 head. Goat breeds reared in enterprises; Hair Goat, Honamlı Goat, Honamlı X Hair Goat crossbreed and Turk Saanen. It was determined that goat breeders graduated from primary school respectively 77.2%. Membership status of enterprises in Burdur Sheep and Goat Breeders Association was examined, goat enterprises was found as member 59.3 %. Examined goat enterprises 34 of 48 (70.4 %) was semi-open type barn. The base structure of barn was made from soil in general and anything was not used as litter. Intensively, roof of goat barn was observed on tile, nylon and canvas. The frequency of cleaning of barn was found 45.8 % in goat enterprises. It was determined that feed were given except for pasture only winter seasons for 2-3 months. Duration of suckling period of kids in goat enterprises were between 4 to 7 months. The scope of the research average milk yield was found in goat enterprises in 22 villages; 0.5±0.09 goat/day/lt. It’s determined that goat breeders, generally didn’t keep enterprising records to follow the status of animals. In this research was first study to demonstrate the current status of goat enterprises in villages and town of the central district of Burdur province known as “Teke Region”. These results will form important database for future research about development of goat farming in Burdur province