Proficiency Test of Four Salmonella Antibody ELISA-Tests for their Harmonization

The paper describes the necessity to only use tests for national salmonella monitoring and reduction programmes that are “harmonized”, i.e. that produce at least at herd level the same results. Four in Germany licensed tests were audited in a proficiency test by four independent and neutral laboratories. The test was designed rather to harmonize the tests, if necessary, than to evaluate the single tests. The methods used to provide a high credibility for the proficiency test’s outcome are explained. The conclusion of the ring test is that three of the four tests can be used for the salmonella monitoring programme in Germany as long as not single results are compared to each other, but the results of sets of sera are used for the herd categorization for their risk level of introducing Salmonella spec. into the food chain

Gene Expression Profiles of Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts in Response to Salmonella Enteritidis Infection

The response of chicken to non-typhoidal Salmonella infection is becoming well characterised but the role of particular cell types in this response is still far from being understood. Therefore, in this study we characterised the response of chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) to infection with two different S. Enteritidis strains by microarray analysis. The expression of chicken genes identified as significantly up- or down-regulated (≥3-fold) by microarray analysis was verified by real-time PCR followed by functional classification of the genes and prediction of interactions between the proteins using Gene Ontology and STRING Database. Finally the expression of the newly identified genes was tested in HD11 macrophages and in vivo in chickens. Altogether 19 genes were induced in CEFs after S. Enteritidis infection. Twelve of them were also induced in HD11 macrophages and thirteen in the caecum of orally infected chickens. The majority of these genes were assigned different functions in the immune response, however five of them (LOC101750351, K123, BU460569, MOBKL2C and G0S2) have not been associated with the response of chicken to Salmonella infection so far. K123 and G0S2 were the only 'non-immune' genes inducible by S. Enteritidis in fibroblasts, HD11 macrophages and in the caecum after oral infection. The function of K123 is unknown but G0S2 is involved in lipid metabolism and in β-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria

Mitochondrial respiratory states and rate

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to human health expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminologyconcerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. Thechemiosmotic theoryestablishes the mechanism of energy transformationandcoupling in oxidative phosphorylation. Theunifying concept of the protonmotive force providestheframeworkfordeveloping a consistent theoretical foundation ofmitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics.We followguidelines of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry(IUPAC)onterminology inphysical chemistry, extended by considerationsofopen systems and thermodynamicsof irreversible processes.Theconcept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and alignsconcepts and symbols withthe nomenclature of classicalbioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view ofmitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes.Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimatelycontribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thussupport the development of databases of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells.Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Salmonella in Domestic Animals

With fully updated chapters and new coverage of genome structure, virulence, vaccine development, molecular methods for epidemiology and exotics, this second edition is an invaluable resource for researchers of animal and human health

Salmonella in Domestic Animals

With fully updated chapters and new coverage of genome structure, virulence, vaccine development, molecular methods for epidemiology and exotics, this second edition is an invaluable resource for researchers of animal and human health

Combination of competitive exclusion and immunisation with a live Salmonella vaccine in newly hatched chickens: immunological and microbiological effects

In addition to evaluating the efficacy potential of a combined use of vaccination and competitive exclusion (CE) against Salmonella exposure in chicks at 3-days of age, a live Salmonella Enteritidis vaccine (SE-LV) and a CE culture were tested for their ability to induce parameters of the innate immunity. Whereas the invasive SE-LV induced an influx of granulocytes and macrophages aswell as an increased transcription of several cytokines in the caecalmucosa, the CE culture did not demonstrate any differences in these parameters compared to controls. It is therefore highly probable that the effects observed with CE cultures are not due to the rapid stimulation of the immune system. The combined use of both preparations did not result in an additive intestinal exclusion effect of the challenge strain more pronounced than that after single administration of the CE culture. The combined use of the Salmonella live vaccine and the CE culture resulted in an additive protective effect and prevented completely the systemic dissemination of the Salmonella challenge strain. To exploit the potential of combined use of CE and vaccination further and most effectively, live Salmonella vaccines are needed that are despite their attenuation in virulence still capable to induce both intestinal colonisation- and invasioninhibition effects against Salmonella exposure