Privatização da educação nos Estados Unidos: Aumento da saturação e segregação

This article outlines different forms of education privatization operating globally, examines their prevalence within the United States, and analyzes whether student marginalization and segregation occurs at the local level. We analyze six U.S. districts with higher saturation levels of charter schools, the most predominant type of privatization (Camden, NJ, Washington DC, Flint, MI, Detroit, MI, Natomas, CA, and Oakland, CA). We find education privatization increasing in the US, but unevenly dispersed, with charter schools concentrated primarily in urban areas serving students of color. Furthermore, segregation in education remains a major issue for all types of schools, with students of color in urban contexts often attending intensely segregated schools (over 90% students of color). Instead of mitigating the segregation problem, student selection by charter school appears to exacerbate it, specifically for special education students.Este artículo describe diferentes formas de privatización de la educación que operan a nivel mundial, examina su prevalencia dentro de los Estados Unidos y analiza si la marginación y segregación de los estudiantes ocurre a nivel local. Analizamos seis distritos de EE. UU. Con mayores niveles de saturación de escuelas charter, el tipo de privatización más predominante (Camden, NJ, Washington DC, Flint, MI, Detroit, MI, Natomas, CA y Oakland, CA). Encontramos que la privatización de la educación aumenta en los Estados Unidos, pero está dispersa de manera desigual, con escuelas charter concentradas principalmente en áreas urbanas que atienden a estudiantes de color. Además, la segregación en la educación sigue siendo un problema importante para todo tipo de escuelas, ya que los estudiantes de color en contextos urbanos a menudo asisten a escuelas intensamente segregadas (más del 90% de estudiantes de color). En lugar de mitigar el problema de la segregación, la selección de estudiantes por la escuela charter parece exacerbarlo, específicamente para los estudiantes de educación especial.Este artigo descreve diferentes formas de privatização da educação operando globalmente, examina sua prevalência nos Estados Unidos e analisa se a marginalização e segregação de alunos ocorrem em nível local. Analisamos seis distritos dos EUA com níveis mais altos de saturação de escolas charter, o tipo mais predominante de privatização (Camden, NJ, Washington DC, Flint, MI, Detroit, MI, Natomas, CA e Oakland, CA). A privatização da educação está aumentando nos EUA, mas dispersa de maneira desigual, com escolas charter concentradas principalmente em áreas urbanas que atendem estudantes de cor. Além disso, a segregação na educação continua sendo uma questão importante para todos os tipos de escolas, com estudantes de cor em contextos urbanos freqüentando escolas intensamente segregadas (mais de 90% dos estudantes de cor). Em vez de atenuar o problema de segregação, a seleção de estudantes por escola charter parece exacerbá-lo, especificamente para estudantes de educação especial

Mollusks of the Cheat River Watershed of West Virginia and Pennsylvania, with Comments on Present Distributions

Author Institution: Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Maryland and Mt. St. Mary's College, Emmitsburg, Marylan

Surface electromyographic control of a novel phonemic interface for speech synthesis

Many individuals with minimal movement capabilities use AAC to communicate. These individuals require both an interface with which to construct a message (e.g., a grid of letters) and an input modality with which to select targets. This study evaluated the interaction of two such systems: (a) an input modality using surface electromyography (sEMG) of spared facial musculature, and (b) an onscreen interface from which users select phonemic targets. These systems were evaluated in two experiments: (a) participants without motor impairments used the systems during a series of eight training sessions, and (b) one individual who uses AAC used the systems for two sessions. Both the phonemic interface and the electromyographic cursor show promise for future AAC applications.F31 DC014872 - NIDCD NIH HHS; R01 DC002852 - NIDCD NIH HHS; R01 DC007683 - NIDCD NIH HHS; T90 DA032484 - NIDA NIH HHShttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Surface+electromyographic+control+of+a+novel+phonemic+interface+for+speech+synthesishttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Surface+electromyographic+control+of+a+novel+phonemic+interface+for+speech+synthesisPublished versio

Evaluation of Transparency Initiatives Concerning Recovery Act Funding Across U.S. State Governments

My thesis examines the transparency initiatives of the ten states that received the most amount of funding from the federal government via The American Reinvestment and Recovery Act of 2009 (ARRA). Transparency is defined for reader ease and ARRA is analyzed fully to get a background on the implications and goals of the act. Included in this, is a statistical analysis concerning all states in the United States along with their transparency score reported. Furthermore, the ten states that received the most funding are put through an in-depth analysis to determine the means for funding. Discussion concerning the political nature of the project and the future of the nation is included. All the work included in this thesis is provided by extensive research and statistical analysis of data found.B.S. (Bachelor of Science

Understandings of Education in an African Village: The Impact of Information and Communication Technologies

Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession,

Ecological chemistry of pest control in push-pull intercropping systems: What we know, and where to go?

Push-pull technology (PPT) employs mixed cropping for sustainable intensification: an intercrop repels or suppresses pests of the focal crop (push), while a trap crop attracts pests out of the field (pull), where they may be targeted for control. Underlying chemical-ecological mechanisms have been demonstrated in controlled settings, primarily for some of the best-established cereal PPT systems developed in east Africa. Yet, many questions remain regarding mechanisms, and strategies to adapt PPT for different crops and locations. We conducted a systematic review of scientific literature on PPT and related practices for biological control of pests of food and fodder. Of 3335 results, we identified 45 reporting on chemistry of trap- or intercropping systems for pest control, of which 30 focused on cereals or African pests. Seven of these reported primary chemical data: measurements from glasshouse and laboratory studies (5), or of field-collected samples (2). From these 30, we provide a database of compounds, discussing degrees of evidence for their mediation of push-pull. We depict hypothesized spatial distributions of selected compounds in PPT fields from physical properties and emission/exudation rates, and design of the east African cereal PPT system, and discuss influences on activity in field settings likely to affect success

Ecological Chemistry of Pest Control in Push-Pull Intercropping Systems: What We Know, and Where to Go?

Push-pull technology (PPT) employs mixed cropping for sustainable intensification: an intercrop repels or suppresses pests of the focal crop (push), while a trap crop attracts pests out of the field (pull), where they may be targeted for control. Underlying chemical-ecological mechanisms have been demonstrated in controlled settings, primarily for some of the best-established cereal PPT systems developed in east Africa. Yet, many questions remain regarding mechanisms, and strategies to adapt PPT for different crops and locations. We conducted a systematic review of scientific literature on PPT and related practices for biological control of pests of food and fodder. Of 3335 results, we identified 45 reporting on chemistry of trap- or intercropping systems for pest control, of which 30 focused on cereals or African pests. Seven of these reported primary chemical data: measurements from glasshouse and laboratory studies (5), or of field-collected samples (2). From these 30, we provide a database of compounds, discussing degrees of evidence for their mediation of push-pull. We depict hypothesized spatial distributions of selected compounds in PPT fields from physical properties and emission/exudation rates, and design of the east African cereal PPT system, and discuss influences on activity in field settings likely to affect success