On Morphological compositionality

We argue that the properties of indefinite pronouns such asthe quantifiers someone and everything, are derived by theoperations of the grammar and are interpreted compositionallyat the semantic interface. This is not what is generallyassumed in current practice, as indefinite pronouns are oftensemantically taken to be unanalyzed expressions(KARTTUNNEN, 1976; MONTAGUE, 1974; GROENENDIJK;STOKHOF, 1990). We bring further evidence that semanticcompositionality holds for wh-words in English, e.g., what andwhere, and in other languages, as proposed in Di Sciullo (2005).We attribute the fact that the interpretation of these elementsis derived compositionally to the core compositionality ofmorphological domains (DI SCIULLO, 2004). We drawconsequences of our analysis for the properties of the interfacebetween morphological structure and semantics.Neste artigo, argumentamos que as propriedades dos pronomesindefinidos como os quantificadores, someone e everything,por exemplo, são derivadas pelas operações da gramática e sãointerpretadas composicionalmente na interface semântica. Nãoé essa a visão assumida geralmente na prática corrente, já quenela os pronomes indefinidos são frequentemente tomadoscomo expressões semanticamente não decomponíveis(KARTTUNNEN, 1976; MONTAGUE, 1974; GOENENDIJK;STOKHOF, 1990). Apresentamos ainda outras evidências deque a composicionalidade semântica está presente em palavraswh do inglês, por exemplo, what e where , e de outras línguas,como proposto em Di Sciullo (2005). Atribuímos o fato de quea interpretação desses elementos seja derivadacomposicionalmente à centralidade da composicionalidade nosdomínios morfológicos (DI SCIULLO, 2004). Mostramos asconsequências de nossa análise para as propriedades dainterface entre estrutura morfológica e semântica

Reviews

Reviews of Managing labour? essays in the political economy of Australian industrial relations, Unions in crisis and beyond: perspectives from six countries and Unions against capitalist? a sociological comparison of the Australian building and metal workers' union

Evaluation of predators as sentinels for emerging infectious diseases

New and emerging diseases in human and animal populations appear to be predominately associated with generalist pathogens that are able to infect multiple hosts. Carnivores are susceptible to a wide range of these pathogens and can act as effective samplers of their vertebrate prey, which are important reservoirs of many emerging diseases. This thesis evaluates the utility of carnivores as sentinels for pathogens present in their prey by exploration of four selected pathogen-prey-sentinel combinations in three rural study sites of varying habitat in northern England and Scotland over a twenty-two month period (2007-2009). Selected pathogens were Coxiella burnetii, Leptospira spp., Encephalitozoon cuniculi, and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), selected prey species were wild rodents and rabbits, and selected carnivores were foxes, domestic cats and corvids. Seroprevalence to C.burnetii, Leptospira spp and E.cuniculi was assessed using adapted or novel test methodologies to enable their use for multiple mammalian species, however these were not applicable to corvids. RHDV seroprevalence was not assessed due to low acquisition of rabbit samples. Overall, seroprevalence to all three pathogens was significantly higher in predators than prey, at 24.2% and 12.4 % for C.burnetii, 22.73% and 1.95% for Leptospira spp and 39.06% and 5.31% for E.cuniculi in predator and prey species respectively. A similar pattern was found in all study areas and was consistent irrespective of individual prey or predator species, although serological evidence of exposure to E.cuniculi was not detected in domestic cats in any area. A semi-quantitative assessment of the time and financial costs of the study approach and application to hypothetical examples indicates that sampling carnivores is a much more costeffective approach to pathogen detection than sampling prey. The results indicate that carnivores can act as useful sentinels for broad-scale detection of pathogen presence and relative levels of prevalence in prey and predator populations. Careful selection of predator species and methods of sample acquisition are necessary to maximise their utility, and issues associated with diagnostic test performance and validation must also be acknowledged. Suggestions are made as to how this principle might be applied to future surveillance programmes. In addition, the study is the first report on the seroprevalence of C.burnetii, Leptospira spp and E.cuniculi in multiple wildlife species (field voles, bank voles, wood mice, foxes), the first detection of antibodies to C. burnetii in wildlife and cats, the first detection of antibodies to L mini, L hardjo prajitno and L hardjo bovis in wild rodents, and to L mini in cats, and the first detection of antibodies to E.cuniculi in wild rodents and foxes in the UK

Zoonoses and the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population: A One Health scoping review

With limited access to animal health services, and high disease burdens among domesticated animals, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in Australia face higher risk of disease including zoonoses. However, we lack understanding of the contribution of often preventable zoonoses to the health of these communities, which would enable us to enhance public health strategies and improve health outcomes. We conducted a scoping review to identify the current state of evidence on zoonoses in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. We examined the size, scope and characteristics of the evidence base and analysed the zoonoses detected in the studies within a One Health framework. We identified 18 studies that detected 22 zoonotic pathogens in animals, people, and the environment, with most studies detecting pathogens in a single One Health sector and no studies investigating pathogens in all three sectors. Findings indicate that despite the strong conceptual foundations of One Health throughout the evidence base, evidence is lacking in application of this concept. There is a need to undertake further research that prioritises Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leadership, considers the contribution of human, animal and environmental health factors, and investigates the prevalence and impact of zoonoses in communities through a One Health approach

Migratory Species and Health: A Review of Migration and Wildlife Disease Dynamics, and the Health of Migratory Species, within the Context of One Health

A desire for good health unites us all. Still in a time of COVID-19 and with the looming threat of future pandemics, we are reminded of the fragility of our collective health. Now more than ever, we understand that human health is inexorably linked to the health of the environment in which we live and the species, be they wild or domestic, on which we depend. As we threaten and change our climate, transform natural landscapes, intensify our agricultureactivities, unsustainably exploit resources, and pollute our air, land and water, the pressures on the environment and on migratory species have never been greater. All of these actions in turn drive the emergence of diseases and increase our fragility. I have lived through a time when diseases of wildlife may have been only of scientific interest to some. Now we see the wider and significant consequences of the emergence of both infectious and non-infectious diseases and the growing threat they pose to the very survival of species.Bringing UNEP into the health Quadripartite to work alongside the World HealthOrganization, UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Animal Health Organization is a clear sign that, as a society, if we are to tackle global human ill-health we need to pay significant attention to One Health, taking a holistic approach to disease issues at the global level. Yet within One Health the environment and wildlife health are too often the ‘poor relation.’ There remains too little understanding of disease dynamics and scant consideration of wildlife health when making decisions on food production, trade, land planning, energy production and infrastructure development. Due to the now obvious interconnectivity of health, we know that what is bad for wildlife health, is ultimately bad for us.Too often we overlook the value of wildlife health, only opening our eyes when we feel the negative consequence for human ill-health. For example, when we are confronted with the appalling sights of acute outbreaks of diseases like highly pathogenic avian influenza, or when wildlife diseases spill into livestock or zoonotic infections affect people and present pandemic risks. There is a need to turn the adage of ‘no prizes in prevention’ into applauded actions to maintain the integrity and resilience of ecosystems to stop disease emergence at its source. Developing cost-effective ways to prevent disease emergence that also benefit ecosystems is surely a key challenge for the future.This Report, authored and reviewed by a world leading team of wildlife health specialists, led by the University of Edinburgh, contributes to the growing body of work which highlights the needs for interdisciplinary action to protect the health of us all. Instead of viewing issues through the single anthropocentric lens of human health, it takes the perspective of the wider environment and of the species within, helping to rebalance and improve our thinking aboutOne Health.The Report is a seminal contribution to the work of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) on the issue of wildlife health and will guide the work of the CMS Working Group on Migratory Species and Health. It adds to the CMS work on One Health issues such as the poisoning of species, and highly pathogenic avian influenza, which has helped guide Parties and other stakeholders dealing with the negative health consequences of human activities.The Report examines our current understanding of the determinants of health and considers the gains to be made from taking One Health approaches. With a frequent perception of migratory species as vectors of disease it reviews the complexities of their disease dynamics and considers both the benefits and dis-benefits that migration brings for health in all sectors. Importantly, the report provides the findings from a global expert consultation of key health threats for CMS-listed species. Despite the diversity of species considered, from insects to elephants, and their diverse health threats, there is remarkable similarity in theunderlying drivers of their health threats, namely the human induced pressures outlined above.The key recommendations1 outline the frameworks required to deliver One Health, and how to reduce risks at wildlife interfaces, tackle non-infectious diseases, improve disease prevention and preparedness, fill knowledge gaps, and improve wildlife health reporting and information sharing. These actions will not only improve the conservation status of migratory species, but they will also reduce the health risks to people and livestock.In a climate changing world with an interlinked global biodiversity crisis where the consequences of the current Covid pandemic still playing out, we need no more warnings, we now know now what we have to do to act for the health of us all

Data Analysis of Zoonoses Notifications in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations in Australia 1996-2021: Implications for One Health

Introduction: Zoonoses are a health concern for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia that face elevated risk of disease related to the environment and animals. Internationally, One Health is encouraged to effectively manage zoonoses by taking integrated approaches involving animal, human, and environmental health sectors to improve health outcomes. However, Australia’s health systems manage zoonotic diseases in animals and people separately which does not support a One Health approach. For the effective management of zoonoses, a strong evidence base and database regarding the epidemiology of zoonotic pathogens is needed. However, we currently lack this evidence limiting our understanding of the impact of zoonoses on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations.Methods: As a first step towards building the evidence base, we undertook a descriptive analysis of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander zoonotic notifications in Australia from 1996 to 2021. We presented notifications as annual notification rates per 100,000 population, and percentages of notifications by state, remoteness, sex, and age group.Results: Salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis were the most notified zoonoses with the highest annual notification rates of 99.75 and 87.46 per 100,000 population, respectively. The north of Australia (Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia), remote and outer regional areas, and young children (0–4 years of age) had the highest percentages of notifications.Discussion: To our knowledge, these findings are the first national presentation of the epidemiology of zoonoses within Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations. A greater understanding of transmission, prevalence and impact of zoonoses on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (including animal and environmental health factors) is required to inform their effective management through a One Health approach

Security Applications of Formal Language Theory

We present an approach to improving the security of complex, composed systems based on formal language theory, and show how this approach leads to advances in input validation, security modeling, attack surface reduction, and ultimately, software design and programming methodology. We cite examples based on real-world security flaws in common protocols representing different classes of protocol complexity. We also introduce a formalization of an exploit development technique, the parse tree differential attack, made possible by our conception of the role of formal grammars in security. These insights make possible future advances in software auditing techniques applicable to static and dynamic binary analysis, fuzzing, and general reverse-engineering and exploit development. Our work provides a foundation for verifying critical implementation components with considerably less burden to developers than is offered by the current state of the art. It additionally offers a rich basis for further exploration in the areas of offensive analysis and, conversely, automated defense tools and techniques. This report is divided into two parts. In Part I we address the formalisms and their applications; in Part II we discuss the general implications and recommendations for protocol and software design that follow from our formal analysis

One Health in Indigenous Communities:a critical review of the evidence

Indigenous populations around the world face disproportionately high rates of disease related to the environment and animals. One Health is a concept that has been used effectively to understand and address these health risks. One Health refers to the relationships and interdependencies between animal, human, and environmental health and is an emerging research field that aligns with indigenous views of health. To understand the applicability of One Health in indigenous communities, a critical review was undertaken to investigate evidence of One Health research in indigenous communities internationally, assess the strength of evidence, and understand what gaps are present. This review included the appraisal of twenty-four studies based in five regions: Canada, Africa, Australia, South America, and Central America. The review found that there is a need for studies of high strength, with rigorous methods, local leadership, and active involvement of indigenous viewpoints, to be undertaken in indigenous communities internationally that focus on One Health. It highlights the need to further consider indigenous viewpoints in research to reduce limitations, increase effectiveness of findings, consider appropriateness of recommendations, and benefit communities