Banking Reform in Georgia

Georgia's banking system restructure began in 1991 when Soviet Union collopsed.This paper tries to compare and constract the performance of banks and banking system between 1999 and 2004 with banks in other transition countries.Although Georgia banking system showed a long processing in banking sector, it is still lags behind other transition countries Central and Eastern Europe. Neverthless.An efficient financial institution and performance will not come without further economic development and reform of regulation and increase in people's confidence in the financial system as a whole.Transition economies, Banking, Financial reform

Banking reform in Georgia

Georgia's banking system restructure began in 1991 when Soviet Union collopsed.This paper tries to compare and constract the performance of banks and banking system between 1999 and 2004 with banks in other transition countries. Although Georgia banking system showed a long processing in banking sector, it is still lags behind other transition countries Central and Eastern Europe. Neverthless.An efficient financial institution and performance will not come without further economic development and reform of regulation and increase in people's confidence in the financial system as a whole

Bending Response of Nanobeams Resting on Elastic Foundation

In the present study, the finite element method is developed for the static analysis of nano-beams under the Winkler foundation and the uniform load. The small scale effect along with Eringen's nonlocal elasticity theory is taken into account. The governing equations are derived based on the minimum potential energy principle. Galerkin weighted residual method is used to obtain the finite element equations. The validity and novelty of the results for bending are tested and comparative results are presented. Deflections according to different Winkler foundation parameters and small scale parameters are tabulated and plotted. As it can be seen clearly from figures and tables, for simply-supported boundary conditions, the effect of small scale parameter is very high when the Winkler foundation parameter is smaller. On the other hand, for clamped-clamped boundary conditions, the effect of small scale parameter is higher when the Winkler foundation parameter is high. Although the effect of the small scale parameter is adverse on deflection for simply-supported and clamped-clamped boundary conditions

CD4(+) T cells of myasthenia gravis patients are characterized by ıncreased IL-21, IL-4, and IL-17A productions and higher presence of PD-1 and ICOS

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease mediated by autoantibodies predominantly against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Specific T cell subsets are required for long-term antibody responses, and cytokines secreted mainly from CD4(+) T cells regulate B cell antibody production. The aim of this study was to assess the differences in the cytokine expressions of CD4(+) T cells in MG patients with AChR antibodies (AChR-MG) and the effect of immunosuppressive (IS) therapy on cytokine activity and to test these findings also in MG patients without detectable antibodies (SN-MG). Clinically diagnosed AChR-MG and SN-MG patients were included. The AChR-MG patients were grouped as IS-positive and -negative and compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used for ex vivo intracellular cytokine production, and subsets of CD4(+) T cells and circulating follicular helper T (cTfh) cells were detected phenotypically by the expression of the chemokine and the costimulatory receptors. Thymocytes obtained from patients who had thymectomy were also analyzed. IL-21, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17A productions in CD4(+) T cells were increased in AChR-MG compared to those in healthy controls. IS treatment enhanced IL-10 and reduced IFN-gamma production in AChR-MG patients compared to those in IS-negative patients. Increased IL-21 and IL-4 productions were also demonstrated in SN-MG patients. Among CD4(+) T cells, Th17 cells were increased in both disease subgroups. Treatment induced higher proportions of Th2 cells in AChR-MG patients. Both CXCR5(+) and CXCR5(-) CD4(+) T cells expressed higher programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and inducible costimulatory (ICOS) in AChR-MG and SN-MG groups, mostly irrespective of the treatment. Based on chemokine receptors on CXCR5(+)PD-1(+) in CD4(+) T (cTfh) cells, in AChR-MG patients without treatment, the proportions of Tfh17 cells were higher than those in the treated group, whereas the Tfh1 cells were decreased compared with those in the controls. The relevance of CXCR5 and PD-1 in the pathogenesis of AChR-MG was also suggested by the increased presence of these molecules on mature CD4 single-positive thymocytes from the thymic samples. The study provides further evidence for the importance of IL-21, IL-17A, IL-4, and IL-10 in AChR-MG. Disease-related CD4(+)T cells are identified mainly as PD-1(+) or ICOS+ with or without CXCR5, resembling cTfh cells in the circulation or probably in the thymus. AChR-MG and SN-MG seem to have some similar characteristics. IS treatment has distinctive effects on cytokine expression.Istanbul Universit

Length space and geodesic space

Bu tez çalışması dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölüm giriş için ayrılmıştır. İkinci bölümde, bir sonraki bölüm için kullanılacak temel kavramlar, metrik uzaylarda yol tanımı, yol uzunluğu ve bu yolların oluşturduğu uzaylar ele alınmıştır. Uzunluk uzayları ve geodezik uzaylar üçüncü bölümde incelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölüm tartışma ve sonuç için ayrılmıştır.This thesis consists of four sections. The first section is reserved for introduction. In the second section, the basic concept that we use in the following section, the definition of the paths in metric space, the length of the path, and the space that formed these paths are discussed. The length space and geodesic space are examined in the third section. The fourth section is reserved for discussion and conclusion

Alıç ve Enginar Ekstraktının Heterosiklik Aromatik Aminlerin Oluşumu Üzerine Etkisi

Tengilimoglu Metin, M.M., The Effect of Hawthorn and Artichoke Extract on the Formation of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines, Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences PhD. Thesis in Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara, 2017. Human epidemiologic and experimental studies have shown that diet plays an important role in cancer development and it has been reported that one third of human cancers are related to diet. Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs) are mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds formed from cooking of proteinaceous foods such as meat and fish at temperatures over 150°C and play an important role in the etiology of human cancers. A limit has not been determined for the presence of HCAs in cooked foods, but the authorities of this issue recommended minimizing their formation. In the mechanism of HCAs formation, it is claimed that antioxidants reduce the formation of HCAs by scavenging free radicals. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the hawthorn and artichoke extract on the formation of HCAs in beef, chicken and beef meatballs cooked by pan cooking and roasting. In present study, the effect of hawthorn and artichoke extracts added at different concentration (0%, 0.5%, 1%) in chicken breast, beef and meatballs cooked at three different cooking temperature (150°C, 200°C and 250°C) by pan frying without oil and baking on mitigation of HCAs formation were investigated. All cooked samples were analyzed for 12 HCAs (IQx, IQ, MeIQx, MeIQ, 4,8-DiMeIQx, 7,8-DiMeIQx, Norharman, Harman, Trp-P-2, PhIP, AαC, MeAαC) and varing levels of IQx (up to 16.17 ng/g), IQ, (up to 4.47 ng/g), MeIQx (up to 2.20 ng/g), MeIQ (up to 12.05 ng/g), 7,8-DiMeIQx (up to 0.32 ng/g), 4,8-DiMeIQx (up to 3.01 ng/g), Norharman (up to 4.36 ng/g), Harman (up to 14.48 ng/g), Trp-P-2 (up to 37.8 ng/g), PhIP (up to 7.59 ng/g), AαC (up to 8.48 ng/g), MeAαC (up to 0.48ng/g) were determined. Total HCA contents of the samples ranged between nd and 83.6 ng/g, nd-49.26 ng/g and nd-17.18 ng/g in chicken breast, beef and meatballs, respectively. The inhibitory effect of hawthorn extract on total HCA level at concentration 0.5% and 1% were found respectively, %12-100 and %19-98 in chicken breast; %42-100 and %20-36 in beef; %8-31 and %53-74 in meatball samples. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect of artichoke extract on total HCA level at concentration 0.5% and 1% were observed respectively as %5-97 and %14-95 in chicken breast, %6-29 and %25-98 in beef, %2-23 and %17-83 in meatball samples. This study shows that hawthorn and artichoke extracts at 0.5% and 1% concentrations mitigate HCAs formation especially in high cooking temperature.Tengilimoğlu Metin, M.M., Alıç ve Enginar Ekstraktının Heterosiklik Aromatik Aminlerin Oluşumu Üzerine Etkisi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Beslenme ve Diyetetik Programı, Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2017. Epidemiyolojik çalışmalarda ve deneysel çalışmalarda diyetin kanser gelişiminde önemli bir rol oynadığı gösterilmiş ve insan kanserlerinin yaklaşık üçte birinin diyetle ilişkili olduğu bildirilmiştir. Heterosiklik aromatik aminler (HAA), 150°C ve üzerindeki sıcaklıklarda et ve balığın pişirilmesi ile oluşan karsinojenik/mutajenik bileşiklerdir ve insan kanser etiyolojisinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Pişmiş besinde HAA varlığına yönelik bir limit belirlenmemiştir, ancak alanında uzman kişiler besinlerde oluşumunu en aza indirmeyi önermektedir. HAA oluşum mekanizmasında, serbest radikal oluşumunun yer alması nedeniyle antioksidanların bu serbest radikalleri tutarak HAA oluşumunu azaltabileceği ileri sürülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, alıç ve enginar ekstraktlarının içerdiği antioksidan bileşikler sayesinde HAA oluşumunu önleyici etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Farklı seviyelerde (%0, %0.5 ve %1) alıç ve enginar ekstraktlarının tavuk göğüs eti, dana eti ve dana etinden yapılmış köftelere eklenerek, üç farklı pişirme sıcaklığında (150°C, 200°C ve 250°C), yağsız tavada ve fırında pişirme yöntemleri kullanılarak HAA oluşumunu azaltıcı etkisi incelenmiştir. Pişmiş örnekler 12 HAA (IQx, IQ, MeIQx, MeIQ, 4,8-DiMeIQx, 7,8-DiMeIQx, Norharman, Harman, Trp-P-2, PhIP, AαC, MeAαC) yönünden analiz edilmiş ve her bir HAA tüm örneklerde farklı seviyelerde tespit edilmiştir. IQx 16.17 ng/g, IQ 4.47 ng/g, MeIQx 2.20 ng/g, MeIQ 12.05 ng/g, 7,8-DiMeIQx 0.32 ng/g, 4,8-DiMeIQx 3.01 ng/g, Norharman 4.36 ng/g, Harman 14.48 ng/g, Trp-P-2 37.8 ng/g, PhIP 7.59 ng/g, AαC 8.48 ng/g ve MeAαC 0.48 ng/g düzeylerine kadar saptanmıştır. Toplam HAA miktarları ise tavuk göğüs etinde nd-83.6 ng/g arasında, dana etinde nd-49.26 ng/g arasında, dana etinden yapılmış köftelerde ise nd-17.18 ng/g arasında bulunmuştur. Alıç ekstraktının toplam HAA oluşumunu azaltıcı etkisi %0.5 ve %1 konsantrasyonlarında eklendiğinde sırasıyla tavuk göğüs etinde %12-100 ve %19-98; dana etinde %42-100 ve %20-36; köftede %8-31 ve %53-74 olarak belirlenmiştir. Enginar ekstraktının toplam HAA oluşumunu azaltıcı etkisi ise %0.5 ve %1 konsantrasyonlarında eklendiğinde sırasıyla tavuk göğüs etinde %5-97 ve %14-95; dana etinde %6-29 ve %25-98; köftede %2-23 ve %17-83 olarak saptanmıştır. Bu çalışma, %0.5 ve %1 konsantrasyonlarında alıç ve enginar ekstraktlarının özellikle yüksek sıcaklıklarda pişirme işlemi uygulandığında HAA oluşumunu azalttığını göstermiştir

Evaluation of a capacity increase in AG milling of copper slag

The verification of the desired capacity increase in the grinding circuits is performed by simulation studies as they suggest accurate and fast alternatives compared to expensive and labor-intensive methods, particularly for the evaluation of situations that require investment. In this study, simulation was used to evaluate the alternatives that can be made to increase the capacity from 38.86 tph to 90 tph in a grinding circuit where copper slag is autogenously milled. The slag sample was characterized by drop weight and abrasion tests to describe the breakage in autogenous (AG) milling. The performances of the existing circuit and equipment were determined by a comprehensive sampling study, and modeling studies were carried out to form the basis of the simulations. Simulation scenarios were evaluated as investment free and investment requiring alternatives. In the investment free option changing fresh feed size distribution was examined however, capacity could be increased up to only 42 tph. In investment option, increasing the mill motor capacities was simulated and 90 tph target throughput was provided. This result was validated in the plant by replacement of mill motors of AG and pebble mill for 1000 kW and 750 kW, respectively

Instructional Strategies Used Pre-school Gifted Children’s Education

Kendilerine özgü fiziksel, zihinsel, sosyal ve kişilik özelliklerine sahip olan üstün yetenekli çocuklar, bu farklılıklarından dolayı akranlarından niteliksel olarak farklı yollarla dünyayı deneyimlerler ve öğrenirler. Üstün yetenekli çocuklar bahsedilen özellikleri ve geliştirilebilir potansiyelleri sebebiyle, normal programlar yoluyla sağlanamayacak geniş kapsamlı eğitim olanaklarına ihtiyaç duyarlar. Bu çocukların eğitimlerine yönelik farklı yaklaşım ve modeller bulunmaktadır. Ancak okul öncesi yıllarda üstün yetenekli çocuklara yönelik öğretim modellerinin uygulamaya aktarılması sınırlıdır. Bu nedenle çalışmada dünyada ve Türkiye’de üstün yetenekli çocuklara yönelikokul öncesi dönemde uygulanan sınıf içi öğretim stratejilerinin incelenmesi ve mevcutdurumun ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Tarama modelinin kullanıldığı ve dokümanincelemesi yapılarak verilerin toplandığı araştırmanın çalışma grubuna, 1990-2017yılları arasında okul öncesi dönem üstün yetenekli çocukların eğitimine yönelik öğretim stratejilerini içeren araştırma makaleleri dâhil edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda konuylailgili olduğu tespit edilen 11 araştırma makalesi incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgularabeş araştırmanın Amerika’da, iki araştırmanın İsrail’de ve birer araştırmanın ise Hollanda, Türkiye, Kanada, Tayvan, Avusturya’da yapıldığı görülmüştür. Bu çalışmalararasında iki çalışma boylamsal araştırmadır ve zenginleştirilmiş sınıf içi uygulamalaranaliz edilmiştir. Yapılan diğer çalışmalarda ise zenginleştirilmiş uygulamaların çocukların farklı gelişim alanlarına etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu alanda Türkiye’de bir modelönerisi ve etkililiği sınanan bir çalışmaya yer verildiği görülmüştür.The study aims to examine the educational strategies used for gifted children in pre-schools and to reveal the current situation in Turkey and other countries. Gifted children, have specific developmental (social, cognitive, physical and personality) properties, differentiate from their peers regarding their experiences and learning. Due to their properties and potential, they need comprehensive educational programs. It is known that gifted children have specific and different educational approaches and models. But unfortunately, the educational practices regarding gifted children is limited in preschool period. Scanning model is used to document the articles and graduate thesis between 2010 to 2017 years, in terms of educational strategies used for gifted children in preschool period, 11 studies are documented and examined. According to the findings, the studies from different countries (United States of America, Netherlands, Turkey, Canada, Taiwan, Austria, Israel) are listed. Two studies are longituditional and deal with the enrichment classroom practices, other studies depend on the effects of encrichment clasroom praticesto the children’s development. Suggest a model in Turkey in this field and has been shown to be included in the study to test its effectiveness

Frequency and Mode Shapes of Au Nanowires Using the Continuous Beam Models

Free vibration analysis of Au nanowires has been investigated. Au nanowire is modeled as a thin beam by using the continuum theory. Three-different cross-sections such as circular, rectangular and triangular are taken into consideration for ultra thin nanowires. Frequency values have been obtained for different geometric parameters and simply supported boundary condition (S-S). This study is helpful for design of the nanowires based instruments in modern Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS)

A case of sarcoidosis of the central nervous system and orbita.

Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disease characterized by granulomatous inflammation. Lung or lymph node involvement is common. We present a rare case of sarcoidosis that began with orbital involvement, and a month later, due to insufficient treatment, it involved the central nervous system. A 49-year-old female patient began suffering from swelling in her right eye, redness, ptosis, and limited eye movements two months ago. Gadolinium-enhanced orbital magnetic resonance imaging showed thickening of the lacrimal gland and the right medial rectus muscle. After three weeks of local antibiotic and steroid treatments, her symptoms were resolved. One month ago, the patient reported sudden weakness in her right arm and leg. After laboratory tests and imaging studies, the patient was diagnosed with probable neurosarcoidosis using the Zajicek criteria and treated with prednisone (1 mg/kg/day). Although sarcoidosis frequently presents with lung and lymph node involvement, it is rarely accompanied by orbital involvement. Patients with orbital symptoms may receive a late diagnosis and insufficient central nervous system treatment. Involvement of the central nervous system in sarcoidosis leads to high morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are very important