20 research outputs found

    Amino acid tissue levels and GABAa receptor binding in the developing rat cerebellum following status epilepticus

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    Incidence of status epilepticus (SE) is higher in children than in adults and SE can be induced in developing rats. The cerebellum can be affected after SE; however, consequences of cerebellar amino acid transmission have been poorly studied. The goal of this study was to determine amino acid tissue concentration and GABAA receptor binding in the immature rat cerebellum after an episode of SE. Thirteen-day-old (P13) rat pups received in- traperitoneal injections of lithium chloride (3 mEq/kg). Twenty hours later, on P14, SE was induced by subcutaneous injection of pilocarpine hydrochloride (60 mg/kg). Control ani- mals were given an equal volume of saline subcutaneously. Animals were killed 24 h after SE induction, the cerebellum was quickly removed, and the vermis and hemispheres were rapidly dissected out on ice. Amino acid tissue concentrations in the vermis and hemi- spheres were evaluated by HPLC and fluorescent detection. GABAA receptor binding in the medial vermis was analyzed by in vitro autoradiography. SE increased the tissue levels of the inhibitory amino acids taurine (80%) and alanine (91%), as well as glutamine (168%) in the cerebellar hemisphere; no changes were observed in the vermis. SE did not modify GABAA receptor binding in any cerebellar lobule from the vermis. Our data demonstrate that SE produces region-specific changes in amino acid concentrations in the developing cerebellum

    Inducci贸n de status epilepticus durante las fases de luz/oscuridad del d铆a y efecto sobre la muerte neuronal en el hipocampo en la rata en desarrollo

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    El status epilepticus (SE) es una condici贸n neurol贸gica caracterizada por la presentaci贸n de crisis epil茅pticas continuas por un tiempo prolongado o por crisis intermitentes sin la recuperaci贸n completa del individuo entre las mismas. Su incidencia es mayor en sujetos en desarrollo y causa muerte neuronal en diversas 谩reas cerebrales, siendo el hipocampo una regi贸n altamente sensible. Existe evidencia que muestra una variaci贸n circ谩dica en la presentaci贸n de las crisis epil茅pticas tanto en humanos como en modelos experimentales de epilepsia

    Pancho Ciencia y la importancia del bienestar animal

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    Esta historia, anecd贸tica y ficticia presenta algunos de los conceptos 茅ticos a considerarse en la experimentaci贸n con animales de laboratorio, pues son fuentes de conocimiento y modelos biol贸gicos. El personaje principal es Francisco L贸pez, Pancho Ciencia, un estudiante de posgrado que descubre la relevancia del bienestar animal a partir de un adecuado control sanitario y de generar las condiciones ambientales aptas para su crianza y su uso. Comprende adem谩s el principio de las 3 R鈥檚 (reemplazo, reducci贸n y refinamiento), elementos necesarios para trabajar con seres vivos en la investigaci贸n

    Modelos experimentales de epilepsia en ratas en desarrollo

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    La epilepsia es un trastorno neurol贸gico cr贸nico que se presenta m谩s com煤nmente en los ni帽os que en los adultos. El per铆odo posnatal temprano representa un per铆odo cr铆tico del desarrollo para el sistema nervioso central, de tal forma que un cerebro inmaduro es generalmente m谩s susceptible a la generaci贸n de crisis epil茅pticas que uno adulto. Adem谩s, puesto que los efectos de las crisis epil茅pticas producidas en el cerebro en desarrollo son dependientes de la edad, las crisis generadas en un sujeto inmaduro resultan en diferentes consecuencias. El uso de modelos animales para el estudio de la epilepsia, empleando ratas en desarrollo, permite al investigador entender los mecanismos que generan las crisis epil茅pticas, los que las detienen, los procesos de epileptog茅nesis, as铆 como la identificaci贸n de posibles terapias farmacol贸gicas; sin embargo, cada uno de estos abordajes experimentales presentan peculiaridades y tambi茅n limitantes que deben ser consideradas. Dichos modelos se clasifican en base al tiempo que toma generar las crisis epil茅pticas, al agente causante de la actividad epil茅ptica e incluso dependiendo del tipo de crisis epil茅ptica generada. Este art铆culo aborda a manera de revisi贸n, los diferentes modelos de epilepsia que se han utilizado en la rata neonata y en desarrollo

    Interacci贸n entre la hormona del crecimiento y el sistema glutamat茅rgico: Implicaciones para la plasticidad cerebral

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    La hormona del crecimiento (HC) es una hormona proteica que posee efectos pleiotr贸picos, tanto a nivel sist茅mico como cerebral. La HC participa en el desarrollo del sistema nervioso al regular el crecimiento, la proliferaci贸n, la diferenciaci贸n y la supervivencia celular. Adem谩s, la HC est谩 involucrada en procesos de plasticidad cerebral como el aprendizaje y la memoria, e incluso de neuroprotecci贸n. Sin embargo, en dichos procesos, la participaci贸n del sistema glutamat茅rgico es fundamental. La evidencia apunta a que la HC y el glutamato mantienen una relaci贸n estrecha de modulaci贸n para promover dichos cambios pl谩sticos, por lo que la presente revisi贸n compila la relaci贸n que existe entre ambos sistemas

    Advances and Challenges of Cannabidiol as an Anti-Seizure Strategy: Preclinical Evidence

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    The use of Cannabis for medicinal purposes has been documented since ancient times, where one of its principal cannabinoids extracted from Cannabis sativa, cannabidiol (CBD), has emerged over the last few years as a promising molecule with anti-seizure potential. Here, we present an overview of recent literature pointing out CBD’s pharmacological profile (solubility, metabolism, drug-drug interactions, etc.,), CBD’s interactions with multiple molecular targets as well as advances in preclinical research concerning its anti-seizure effect on both acute seizure models and chronic models of epilepsy. We also highlight the recent attention that has been given to other natural cannabinoids and to synthetic derivatives of CBD as possible compounds with therapeutic anti-seizure potential. All the scientific research reviewed here encourages to continue to investigate the probable therapeutic efficacy of CBD and its related compounds not only in epilepsy but also and specially in drug-resistant epilepsy, since there is a dire need for new and effective drugs to treat this disease

    Tickling in juvenile but not adult female rats conditions sexual partner preference

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    Female rats display a conditioned partner preference for males that bear odors paired with different types of rewarding unconditioned stimuli (UCS). Here we examined whether tickling constitutes a rewarding UCS that supports the development of partner preferences. In Experiment 1, we tested the possibility that odors associated with a tickling UCS in prepubescent rats would induce a conditioned partner preference in adulthood. Two groups were formed with 31-day-old, single-housed females, tickled for 6 min daily for 10 days, by a hand that wore a scented glove (almond or lemon). At 47 days of age, females were ovariectomized (OVX), hormone-primed (EB + P), and tested for sexual partner preference with two scented stud males (one almond and one lemon). In each group, females displayed a sexual preference toward males bearing the odor paired with tickling, as observed with longer visits, more solicitations, hops & darts, and receiving more intromissions and ejaculations from the preferred male. In Experiment 2, we used 3-month old, OVX, hormone-primed rats conditioned every 4 days for 10 trials. In contrast to juvenile females, adult females failed to prefer males that bore the odor paired with tickling but instead preferred the novel male. These results suggest that tickling has opposite age-dependent effects in the conditioning of partner preference. Tickling in juvenile females appears to act as a rewarding UCS, whereas in adult females it may act as an aversive UCS. Further research is needed to understand brain mechanisms that might account for such differences

    Sexual behavior and adult neurogenesis: why thinking about the cerebellum?

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    La neurog茅nesis adulta es la formaci贸n de nuevas neuronas en cerebro adulto y constituye una respuesta de adaptaci贸n al ambiente o a cambios impuestos sobre la fisiolog铆a neuronal. Su regulaci贸n se lleva a cabo por factores ambientales, hormonales, gen茅ticos y epigen茅ticos, y es espec铆fica para los distintos nichos neurog茅nicos. El giro dentado del hipocampo y la zona subventricular del bulbo olfatorio son los principales nichos neurog茅nicos, pero es aceptado que otras zonas del sistema nervioso central presentan precursores neuronales. Esta revisi贸n discute los datos que apoyan la existencia de neurog茅nesis en el cerebelo adulto y propone una hip贸tesis sobre la relaci贸n funcional de dicho proceso con la experiencia sexual. El cerebelo tiene un desarrollo ontog茅nico prolongado que finaliza en la etapa posnatal, pero los escasos datos previos parecen restringir la presencia de neurog茅nesis en roedores a un corto periodo postnatal (21 d铆as), dependiente de la presencia de una zona proliferativa en la capa granulosa externa.聽 No obstante, se ha demostrado neurog茅nesis en cerebelo de conejo prepuber y adulto. Actualmente estamos investigando si la exposici贸n prolongada a un ambiente enriquecido o la experiencia sexual pueden actuar como un factor estimulador de la neurog茅nesis cerebelar. Los datos muestran que: 1) el enriquecimiento social y sensorial produce un aumento significativo de la neurog茅nesis en la capa granulosa de la corteza del cerebelo en ratones adultos; 2) en ratas macho la experiencia sexual promueve de manera muy selectiva la supervivencia de nuevas neuronas, efecto que no se observa en los machos que copulan mal. Los resultados sugieren que existe neurog茅nesis en el cerebelo adulto y que puede ser modulada por el enriquecimiento social y la culminaci贸n de la experiencia sexual.Different stimuli facilitate neurogenesis in the adult brain. These include environmental enrichment, hormones, and genetic/epigenetic factors. The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone in the olfactory bulb have been described as the main neurogenetic niches, but it is now also accepted that undifferentiated precursors could be present elsewhere in the adult with the potency to originate newborn neurons. The present review aims to discuss data supporting the existence of neurogenesis in the adult cerebellum and propose a hypothesis for the functional relationship between cerebellar neurogenesis and sexual experience. The cerebellum shows protacted neurogenesis as the ontogenetic development is completed postnatally. The proliferative capacity of the cerebellum appears to depend on the presence of an external granule layer (EGL), a proliferative layer where neuronal precursors are produced and from where they migrate. Recently, it has been described neurogenesis in adolescent and adult rabbits. However, in rodents, neurogenesis seems to be restricted to a short period of 21 postnatal days, when EGL finally disappears. In this review, we discussed new data demonstrating that: 1) social and sensorial enrichment is able to extend and increase the proliferative activity in the adult mouse cerebellum; 2) sexual experience selectively promotes survival of new-born neurons, though this effect is not observed in non-copulating male rats. Results suggest that sexual experience selectively re-wired cerebellum circuitry by allowing a few newborn neurons to survive and be integrated into cerebellar networks.La realizaci贸n del presente trabajo fue financiada por las siguientes Becas: Conacyt Reg. N潞 170664; Conacyt Reg N潞 12303 CA-28; Secretar铆a de Estado de Universidades e Investigaci贸n del Ministerio de Educaci贸n y Ciencia, Espa帽a (PR2006-0222

    Caracterizaci贸n de las convulsiones y el status epilepticus producido por el pentilentetrazol en ratas de 14 d铆as de edad

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    El status epilepticus (SE) es un tipo de actividad epil茅ptica con alta incidencia en ni帽os; se caracteriza por crisis epil茅pticas por un tiempo prolongado, con consecuencias como muerte neuronal y desarrollo de epilepsia. A nivel experimental, el pentilentetrazol (PTZ) produce convulsiones t贸nico-cl贸nicas generalizadas (CTCG) en la rata en desarrollo con alta mortalidad. En este estudio se realiz贸 una curva dosis-respuesta con la finalidad de caracterizar las convulsiones producidas por una dosis 煤nica de PTZ (45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70 y 75 mg/kg, i.p.) en ratas Wistar de 14 d铆as de edad (P14). No se identificaron diferencias estad铆sticamente significativas entre las dosis de PTZ analizadas en la proporci贸n de ratas que presentaron CTCG, SE o murieron despu茅s de la aplicaci贸n del PTZ. Con 45 mg/kg de PTZ ninguna rata present贸 CTCG, con 50 mg/kg de PTZ el 25% de las ratas mostraron CTCG, mientras que a dosis mayores el 100% de las ratas presentaron estas convulsiones. Las ratas que presentaron CTCG y que no murieron desarrollaron enseguida SE en todas las dosis estudiadas, en un porcentaje que vari贸 de 63% (55 y 60 mg/kg de PTZ) a 25-37% (70-50 mg/kg de PTZ). Todas las ratas inyectadas con 75 mg/kg de PTZ presentaron CTCG y murieron. Los datos de este estudio sugieren que la administraci贸n de una sola dosis de PTZ en la rata P14 puede ser un modelo 煤til para el estudio de CTCG y SE en la rata en desarroll

    Beyond the basal ganglia: cFOS expression in the cerebellum in response to acute and chronic dopaminergic alterations

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    The suggestion of an anatomical and functional relationship between the basal ganglia and cerebellum is recent. Traditionally, these structures were considered as neuronal circuits working separately to organize and control goal-directed movements and cognitive functions. However, several studies in rodents and primates have described an anatomical interaction between cortico-basal and cortico-cerebellar networks. Most importantly, functional changes have been observed in one of these circuits when altering the other one. In this context, we aimed to accomplish an extensive description of cerebellar activation patterns using cFOS expression (cFOS-IR) after acute and chronic manipulation of dopaminergic activity. In the acute study, substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) activity was stimulated or suppressed by intra cerebral administration of picrotoxin or lidocaine, respectively. In addition, we analyzed cerebellar activity after the induction of a parkinsonism model, the tremulous jaw movements. In this model, tremulous jaw movements were induced in male rats by IP chronic administration of the dopamine antagonist haloperidol (1.5 mg/kg). Acute stimulation of SNc by picrotoxin increased cFOS-IR in the vermis and cerebellar hemispheres. However, lidocaine did not produce an effect. After 14 days of haloperidol treatment, the vermis and cerebellar hemispheres showed an opposite regulation of cFOS expression. Chronic dopaminergic antagonism lessened cFOS expression in the vermis but up-regulated such expression in the cerebellar hemisphere. Overall, the present data indicate a very close functional relationship between the basal ganglia and the cerebellum and they may allow a better understanding of disorders in which there are dopamine alterations.We are grateful to John Salamone and Merc茅 Correa for their comments during the progression of the study. Also, we thank Timothy Attwood Gibbons for the English revision of the manuscrip
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