Observation of local tectonic movements by a quartz-tube extensometer in the Sopronbánfalva Geodynamic Observatory, in Hungary–Validation of extensometric data by tidal analysis and simultaneous radon concentration measurements

In 1990 a quartz tube extensometer was installed in the Sopronbánfalva Geodynamic Observatory (SGO) of the Geodetic and Geophysical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. On the basis of the 20 year data series, an average strain rate of -5.36 μstr/y was determined. Because the instrumental drift can also cause a slow change in the output signal of the sensor similar to the tectonic movements, a lot of efforts were made to determine the drift of the extensometer. The instrument has no detectable drift according to the instrumental calibrations (regular calibration, parallel recording by more displacement sensors, etc.). Since autumn of 2008, the radon concentration has been continuously monitored by an AlfaGuard instrument in the SGO. The investigation of the relationship between strain and radon concentration also showed the absence of instrumental drift, so the instrument measures real tectonic movements. The results of the extensometric measurements show that the rate of tectonic movement is not constant. During the period 1993-2001, the strain rate accelerated to a maximum of -8.6 μstr/y in 2001, and then decelerated again between 2002-2010 to approx. -2.5 μstr/y in 2010

Quartz tube extensometer for observation of Earth tides and local tectonic deformations at the Sopronbánfalva Geodynamic Observatory, Hungary

In May 1990, a quartz tube extensometer was installed in the Sopronbánfalva Geodynamic Observatory of the Geodetic and Geophysical Research Institute (GGRI) of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences for recording Earth tides and recent tectonic movements. The paper describes the construction of the extensometer and a portable calibrator used for the in situ calibration of the instrument. The extensometer is very sensitive. Its scale factor is 2.093+/-0.032 nm/mV according to the highly precise calibration method developed at the GGRI. Since the stability of extensometers is strongly influenced by the geological structure and properties of the rocks in the vicinity of the recording site, the observatory instrument system was tested by coherence analysis between theoretical (as the input signal) and measured tidal data series (as the output signal). In the semidiurnal tidal frequency band the coherence is better than 0.95, while in the diurnal band it is about 0.8. Probably this is due to the fact that the noise is higher in the diurnal band (0.4-0.5 nstr) than in the semidiurnal band (0.19-0.22 nstr). Coherence analysis between theoretical and measured data corrected for barometric changes yielded a small improvement of coherence in both frequency bands, while using temperature data correction, no observable improvement was obtained. Results of the tidal analysis also show that the observatory instrument system is suitable for recording very small tectonic movements. The 18 years of continuous data series measured by the extensometer prove the high quality of the extensometer. On the basis of investigations, it was pointed out that further efforts should be done to improve the barometric correction method and that correction for ocean load, as well as considering topographic and cavity effects are necessary to increase the accuracy of determining tidal parameters

Using cyber capabilities to inform and influence

As the world evolves and becomes more technical, the need for traditional messaging techniques diminishes. The need of the military to be able to dynamically target an individual or group with specific messages in order to inform or influence grows exponentially every year. This need also increases as the United States shifts its military focus from uneducated Third World countries to countries with established infrastructure and large cyber footprints. The military must be able to use the cyber domain to inform or influence a target audience to achieve a desired effect by disseminating a message, attributable or non-attributable, through use of the Web, e-mail or social media. The ability to understand the topology of the Internet is key to targeting a specific audience and to do this an understanding of geolocation is key. To target a specific audience with a message we must understand where they are located to understand culture, customs, and language. With cyberspace quickly becoming a dominant factor in the information environment, how can the military use the cyber domain to inform or influence a target audience to achieve a desired effect by disseminating a message, either attributable or non-attributable through the web, e-mail or social mediahttp://archive.org/details/usingcybercapabi1094527908Major, United States ArmyApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited