Low contamination of Campylobacter spp. on chicken carcasses in Minas Gerais state, Brazil: Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance

AbstractHere, we evaluated Campylobacter contamination on chicken carcasses and phenotypic and genotypic profiles of antimicrobial resistance of the isolated strains. A total of 95 of samples were collected from 19 slaughterhouses from Minas Gerais - Brazil, and analyzed by MPN-PCR method. Campylobacter was found in 16.8% of samples with microbial load ranging from 60 to 184 MPN/carcass. All isolates were resistant to at least 5 (31.2%) of the antimicrobials screened using the disk diffusion method. Thr-86-Ile gyrA mutation, blaOxA-61 and tet(O) genes were found in 95%, 100% and 40% resistant isolates to ciprofloxacin, ampicillin and tetracycline, respectively. Almost all isolates (90%) showed the three genes required to synthesize the CmeABC efflux system. The use of efflux pump inhibitor (PAβN) resulted in a significant reduction in the MICs of antimicrobials (2–128 fold), indicating the importance of efflux systems in conferring antimicrobial resistance. Campylobacter were detected at low concentrations in Brazilian chicken carcasses. However, high-levels of antimicrobial resistance were observed and associated with several mechanisms. This study provides a baseline survey on contamination of Campylobacter in Brazilian chicken carcasses and its antimicrobial resistance, giving support for actions directed at reducing this pathogen in the food chain

Resistência de bactérias lácticas, isoladas de fezes de suínos e sua capacidade antagônica frente a microrganismos indicadores

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from the faeces of nearly 40 healthy pigs, with different ages. The isolates were selected previously, based on the coloration in All Purpose Tween (APT) agar modified by the addition of 0,004% of purple bromocresol and 0,5% of calcium carbonate, on their morphology and on the coloration in gram and catalase activity. Approximately 50% of the isolated colonies presented morphology of Gram-positive cocos/bastonetes, negative catalase and yellow colonies when cultivated in modified APT agar, being classified as LAB. These isolates of pig faeces were compared by their ability to resist the pH 3.0, to grow in the presence of bile salts for 3 hours and by their antagonistic capacity against the indicative microrganisms (Salmonella typhi ATCC 6539, Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 29428, Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433). Only 18% of the isolates presented less than 1 Decimal Reduction (DR) when cultivated in the presence of pH 3.0. Nearly 36.5% reduced from 1 to 2 DR and 45.5% had more than 2 DR. No isolate had the capacity to grow in specific means with the adjusted pH for 3.0. About 36.5% of the isolates grew in cultivation medim modified with the addition of 0.3% of bile salts, 59% of isolates had decimal reduction smaller or equal to 2 and 4.5% presented decimal reduction larger than 2 DR. The 12 isolates that presented larger resistance to the pH 3.0 and resisted in cultivation medium added of bile salts were selected for the antagonism analysis. No inhibition halo was detected among the isolates, indicating a possible simultaneous growth to produce a probiotic. All the evaluated isolates produced an inhibition halo on at least two of the tested indicative microrganisms.Bactérias do ácido lático (BAL) foram isoladas das fezes de aproximadamente 40 suínos sadios e em diferentes idades. Os isolados foram previamente selecionados com base na coloração das colônias em ágar All Purpose Tween (APT) modificado pelo acréscimo de 0,004% de púrpura de bromocresol e 0,5% de carbonato de cálcio, morfologia, coloração em Gram e atividade de catalase. Das bactérias lácticas isoladas, aproximadamente 50% das colônias apresentaram morfologia de cocos/bastonetes Grampositivo, catalase negativa e colônias amareladas quando cultivadas em ágar APT modificado, sendo, portanto, classificadas como BAL. Estes isolados foram comparados pela sua habilidade em resistirem a pH 3,0, crescerem na presença de sais biliares por 3 horas e pela sua capacidade antagônica frente a microrganismos indicadores (Salmonella typhi ATCC 6539, Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 29428, Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 e Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433). Apenas 18% dos isolados obtiveram menos que 1 Redução Decimal (RD) quando cultivados na presença de pH 3,0. Cerca de 36,5% reduziram entre 1 e 2 RD e 45,5% tiveram mais que 2 RD. Nenhuma das cepas avaliadas teve capacidade de crescer em meios específicos com o pH ajustado para 3,0. Cerca de 36,5% dos isolados cresceram em meio de cultivo adicionado de 0,3% de sais biliares, 59% tiveram redução decimal menor ou igual a 2 e 4,5% maior que 2 RD. Os 12 isolados que apresentaram maior resistência ao pH 3,0 e que responderam melhor em meio de cultivo acrescido de sais biliares foram selecionados para análise de antagonismo. Nos teste de antagonismo entre os próprios lactobacilos isolados nenhum halo de inibição foi detectado, indicando a possibilidade de serem cultivados simultaneamente para produção de um probiótico. Todas as cepas avaliadas levaram a formação de halo de inibição sobre pelo menos dois dos microrganismos indicadores testados

Educomunicação e alfabetização midiática: conceitos, práticas e interlocuções

O livro organizado por Ismar de Oliveira Soares, Claudemir Edson Viana e Jurema Brasil Xavier apresenta uma série de artigos sobre o tema divididos em quatro partes: 1-Atualizando conceitos e práticas; 2-A educação midiática em diálogo com o currículo escolar; 3-A Educomunicação em interlocução com as políticas públicas; e, 4-A Educomunicação em interlocução com as políticas públicas. A obra dedica seus 24 artigos especificamente aos saberes e às práticas inerentes ao tema da alfabetização midiática. Numa perspectiva multidisciplinar, os leitores aqui encontrarão experiências alimentadas tanto pelos referenciais da mídia-educação quanto pelo paradigma da Educomunicação, que emerge dos movimentos sociais da América Latina, na confluência entre a comunicação alternativa e a educação popular freiriana, a partir dos anos de 1960 e 1970

Anais do V Encontro Brasileiro de Educomunicação: Educação midiática e políticas públicas

A presente coletânea, que chega ao público através de um suporte digital, tem como objetivo disponibilizar os papers, bem como os relatos de experiências educomunicativas apresentados durante o V ENCONTRO BRASILEIRO DE EDUCOMUNICAÇÃO, que teve como tema central: “Educação Midiática e Políticas Públicas”. O evento foi realizado em São Paulo, entre 19 e 21 de setembro de 2013, a partir de uma parceria entre o NCE/USP - Núcleo de Comunicação e Educação da USP, a Licenciatura em Educomunicação da ECA/USP, a ABPEducom – Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores e Profissionais da Educomunicação e a FAPCOM – Faculdade Paulus de Tecnologia e Comunicação, que ofereceu seu campus, na Vila Mariana, para os atos do evento. Os presentes anais disponibilizam o texto de abertura, de autoria do coordenador geral do evento, denominado “Educação midiática e políticas públicas: vertentes históricas da emergência da Educomunicação na América Latina”. Na sequência, apresentam 61 papers sobre aspectos específicos da temática geral, resultantes de pesquisas na área, seguidos de 27 relatos de práticas educomunicativas, em nível nacional

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution