An Application of Nasal Drug Delivery for Management of Head and Neck Diseases from the Perspective of Persian Medicine

زمینه و هدف: امروزه دارورسانی از راه بینی، به عنوان یک روش جایگزین برای تزریق و مصرف خوراکی دارو در نظر گرفته می‏شود. این روش در طب سنتی ایرانی، به عنوان یکی از مسیرهای مصرف دارو مورد توجه بوده است. هدف از این مطالعه، معرفی الگوهای دارورسانی از مسیر بینی از دیدگاه طب سنتی ایرانی در بیماری‏های سر و گردن در دوره تمدن اسلامی است. مواد و روش‌ها: بخش‏های مرتبط با بیماری‏های سر و گردن از کتب مرجع طب سنتی ایرانی (قرن 3 تا 13 ق.) استخراج گردید. مطالب مرتبط با واژگان کلیدی مطالعه و مترادفات آن‌ها به صورت خط به خط مطالعه و فیش‏برداری شد. مستندات جمع‌آوری‌شده بر اساس بازه زمانی، روش مورد اشاره و نوع بیماری طبقه‌بندی شدند. ملاحظات اخلاقی: صداقت و امانتداری در ارجاع متون به رفرنس‌های مورد استفاده رعایت گردید. یافته‌ها: اَشکال دارورسانی از راه بینی شامل جامدات به صورت پودرهای دمیدنی‌ درون بینی (نفوخ، عطوس)، پاشیدنی‏ها (ذرور) و خمیرها (شیاف و فتیله)، مایعات به صورت چکاندنی (سعوط) و استنشاقی (نشوق) و انواع گازی بخور، حمام بخار (انکباب)، بوییدنی (لخلخه، شموم، غوالی) طبقه‌بندی می‌شدند. سعوط بیشتر از سایر روش‏ها مورد استفاده بود و سردرد رایج‌ترین بیماری بود که این روش برای آن استفاده می‌شد. نتیجه‌گیری: دارورسانی از راه بینی در طب سنتی ایرانی برای چندین نوع بیماری مورد استفاده قرار می‌گرفت. این روش با محاسنی مانند کاربرد آسان، غالباً بدون درد، مقرون به صرفه و سرعت جذب بالا و محدودیت‏هایی مانند احتمال آسیب مخاط بینی، محدودیت در انتقال دارو از راه بینی و عدم خروج دارو پس از استفاده، از پتانسیل بالایی برای تحقیقات آینده برخوردار است.Background and Aim: Nowadays, nasal drug delivery (NDD) is much considered as an appropriate alternative method instead of oral and parenteral injection. These approaches were presented in Persian Medicine (PM) as an important way of drug administration especially for neurological disorders. The aim of this study is to introduce types of NDD from the viewpoint of PM for head and neck diseases in the period of Islamic civilization. Materials and Methods: The parts related to head and neck diseases were searched in the main PM reference books from the 3rd to the 13th century. Documents related to study keywords including Inkibab, Bakhur, Zaroor, Saoot, Shamoom, Shiaf, Atoos, Ghavali, Lakhlakhah, Nashoogh, Nafookh and their similarities were copied and studied line-by-line. The collected documents were categorized by timeframe, the method mentioned and type of disease. Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trustfulness were observed by referring texts to the refrences used. Findings: NDD forms including solids were classified into nasal insufflation (Nafookh, Atoos), splashes (Zarur) and dough (wax) includind suppository and wick, liquids were as nasal dibbling (Saoot) and liquid sniff formulations (Nashoogh) and gaseous forms were as fumigation (Bakhoor), vapor bath (Inkibab), inhalation (Lakhlakhah), aromatic agents (Shamoom, Ghavali). Saoot was used more than the other methods and the illness which most recommended was headache. Discussion and Conclusion: NDD were advised in PM for several diseases. This method with a lot of benefits like easy to use, often painless, affordable and high efficiency and some side effects such as nasal mucosal injury, limitation in drug transmission through the nose and no drug withdrawal after usage has high potential for future researches.   Please cite this article as: Allah Gholipur M, Gorji N, Moeini R, Memariani Z. An Application of Nasal Drug Delivery for Management of Head and Neck Diseases from the Perspective of Persian Medicine. Med Hist J 2019; 11(40): 89-105

Five Pistacia

Pistacia, a genus of flowering plants from the family Anacardiaceae, contains about twenty species, among them five are more popular including P. vera, P. atlantica, P. terebinthus, P. khinjuk, and P. lentiscus. Different parts of these species have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes like tonic, aphrodisiac, antiseptic, antihypertensive and management of dental, gastrointestinal, liver, urinary tract, and respiratory tract disorders. Scientific findings also revealed the wide pharmacological activities from various parts of these species, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antidiabetic, antitumor, antihyperlipidemic, antiatherosclerotic, and hepatoprotective activities and also their beneficial effects in gastrointestinal disorders. Various types of phytochemical constituents like terpenoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and sterols have also been isolated and identified from different parts of Pistacia species. The present review summarizes comprehensive information concerning ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of the five mentioned Pistacia species

Cost analysis of two different configurations for a distribution network design

One significant decision in supply chain management is to determine the configuration of the supply chain network. However, studies that analyze different configurations are rare in the literature. This paper considers a supply chain network consisting of one supplier and a number of retailers. Two different configurations were proposed and were compared in terms of total cost for the network. In the first configuration, retailers directly order to the supplier and hold the inventory to meet the demand of customers. However, in the second configuration, a number of intermediate facilities were established to order products from the supplier and satisfy the demands of retailers. The inventory of retailers in the latter configuration is stored in the intermediate facilities. These two configurations were compared in terms of total cost. Numerical calculations indicate that the latter configuration was preferred in most cases

Distribution network design for fixed lifetime perishable products: a model and solution approach

Nowadays, many distribution networks deal with the distribution and storage of perishable products. However, distribution network design models are largely based on assumptions that do not consider time limitations for the storage of products within the network. This study develops a model for the design of a distribution network that considers the short lifetime of perishable products. The model simultaneously determines the network configuration and inventory control decisions of the network. Moreover, as the lifetime is strictly dependent on the storage conditions, the model develops a trade-off between enhancing storage conditions (higher inventory cost) to obtain a longer lifetime and selecting those storage conditions that lead to shorter lifetimes (less inventory cost). To solve the model, an efficient Lagrangian relaxation heuristic algorithm is developed. The model and algorithm are validated by sensitivity analysis on some key parameters. Results show that the algorithm finds optimal or near optimal solutions even for large-size cases

Examining Malaysian secondary school teachers’ perceptions of mathematics education using Q-methodology approach

Within constructivist theory framework, this study aimed to provide a clearer focus on factors that contribute to the process of teaching and learning mathematics using Q-methodology approach. Q-methodology provides systematic means to investigate personal beliefs by collecting a concourse, developing a Q-sample, identifying P-sample, conducting a Q-sort process and analyzing of collected data. Forty-seven mathematics teachers in secondary level from Selangor State in Peninsular Malaysia participated in this study.The central research questions addressed in this study are: (a) What are teachers' perception on factors that influence teaching and learning of secondary mathematics? (b) Which factor most influence teaching and learning of secondary mathematics? (c) What are the influence of human factors such as, student individual difference, motivation, teacher enthusiastic and experience, community and family on teaching and learning of secondary mathematics? (d) What are the influences of academic factors such as, curriculum, instructional practice, and technology on teaching and learning of secondary mathematics? (e) What are the relationships between the identified factors? Using previous literature, a concourse was developed. The P-sample of mathematics teachers sorted various statements into categories of most definitely influencing to most definitely not influencing factor. Factor analysis including varimax rotation was completed. Four factors emerged from the Q-methodology procedures indicating shared perceptions among the secondary mathematics teachers. These four factors were: technology and student motivation, student individual differences and family, student motivation and community, family and community. In addition, factors such as community and student motivation were the most important factors in teaching and learning mathematics. Also factors such as student individual difference, family, and technology were emphasized by teachers as important factor in teaching and learning mathematics.Recommendations for future professional improvement include integration of collaborative learning and encouragement among student to use technology in order to enhance the interest of the students and make them attentive in the class

The Most Important Medical Theories and Works of Abu Sahl Masihi, an Iranian Scientist during the Golden Civilization of Islam

Abu Sahl Masihi is a physician, philosopher, mathematician, and famous astronomer of the first half of the 11th century AD. Some scientists have written that Abu Sahl was the master of Avicenna.This study aims to introduce him by using the most important medical theories and works of Abu Sahl Masihi.This library study has been carried out among the most important medical works of Abu Sahl Masihi. Common searches were performed on valid databases and papers. Abu Sahl did not agree with the detailed description of the treatment issues. He focused on the scientific and theoretical part of medicine including General basics and principles of prevention. In his medical works, Abu Sahl has explained the theoretical part in order and simply and the therapeutic part briefly. He has rejected other physicians' opinions that considered menstrual bleeding to be fetal food and thus ending it during menopause as a reason for termination of pregnancy and said that such blood that the body repels cannot be the source of fetal food. He considered the healthy blood of the mother's body as the source of fetal food. Like Aristotle, Abu Sahl has regarded the heart as the life force center, innate heat, and vital spirit. He also had a significant view of the heart structure and the vessels connected to it. We can introduce Abu Sahl as one of the pioneers of the theory of the beginning of digestion of food through the mouth due to being impregnated with saliva by the enzymes in the secretions of the digestive system. Despite the importance of Abu Sahl’s works, his writings have been less considered. It seems that more research on the noteworthy ideas of this great scientist is needed by scholars and researchers

A stem anatomical investigation of Cuscuta L. (Convolvulaceae) species in Khorassan provinces

Cuscuta is a common plant parasite and is able to attack several host species. Its haustoria could be penetrated into the phloem of host plant. In this study, the stem anatomy of six species and two varieties of Cuscuta (Cuscuta campestris, C. monogyna, C. brevistyla, C. kotschyana, C. epithymum, C. pedicellata, C. lehmanniana var. lehmanniana and C. babylonica var. babylonica) distributed in Khorassan provinces were investigated using the blue toluidine staining. Cross sections were provided by hand. Results showed that anatomical characters including stem diameter, position and distribution of vessels, number and size of vessels and number of parenchymatous layers were effective traits to taxonomically separate the species under study. Furthermore, the anatomical relationship between parasite and its host plant was examined

مروری بر زندگی و آثار اطبای شاخص خاندان نفیسی و بررسی نقش آنان در تاریخ پزشکی ایران از قرن 9 تا 14 قمری

Background and Aim: The Nafisi family, which has a brilliant history of more than six hundred years in the history of Iran, has raised great scientists in various sciences and technologies who have played a significant role in the progress and excellence of this country. This study aims to review the life and works of the great physicians of this family. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted by library study, face-to-face and telephone interviews and review of existing genealogy. Findings: The head of this family, to whom the family name of Nafisi is attributed, Nafis bin Awad Kermani (Hakim Borhanuddin), was one of the most famous physicians of the ninth century AH lived in Kerman. Her most famous works are the book Sharh al-Asab and the book Sharh Mojz al-Qanun. Mirza Saeed Sharif Kermani )11th century AH(, who was special physician of Shah Abbas the Great )5th Safavid king), Mirza MohammadTaghi Tabib, nicknamed Muzaffar Alisha (12th and 13th centuries AH) and Haj Mirza Tabib Kermani (died 1300 AH), were other famous physicians of this family. Mirza AliAkbar Khan Nafisi, nicknamed Nazem al-Atab'a (1224-1303 AH), is one of the most famous physicians of this dynasty who has left two valuable works, the dictionary of Farhang e Nafisi and the Pezeshkinameh. Dr. Abutorab Nafisi (1293-1386 AH), head of the Isfahan School of Medicine and Pharmacy in the 1940s and author of several books and articles, was another prominent physician in the family. The physicians of this family, especially in the Safavid period and in the late Qajar period, played a very significant role in promoting health, treatment and medical education in Iran, as well as political and cultural relations. Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trustfulness were observed by referring texts and refrences used. Conclusion: Natural talent, generational education and the provision of environmental conditions by the rulers of the time can be considered as the main reasons for the success of this family in various fields.   Cite this article as: Ghazizadeh B, Moeini R, Gorji N, Memariani Z. An Overview of the Life, Publications and Achivements of the Famous Physicians of the Nafisi Family and Their Role in the Medical History of Iran from the 9th to the 14th Century AH. Medical History Journal 2020; 12(44): e7.زمینه و هدف: خاندان حیکم‌پرور نفیسی که بیش از 6 قرن سابقه درخشان در تاریخ ایران‌زمین دارد، دانشمندان بزرگی در علوم و فنون مختلف پرورانده که نقش به سزایی در پیشرفت و تعالی این سرزمین داشته‌اند. با وجود معدود مقالاتی درباره برخی از اطبای این خاندان به صورت زندگی‌نامه، پژوهشی منسجم و دربردارنده تمام زوایا و تأثیرات اطبای این خاندان صورت نگرفته است. هدف از این مطالعه، مرور زندگی و آثار اطبای بزرگ و همچنین بررسی نقش این خاندان در اعتلای تاریخ پزشکی ایران می‌باشد. مواد و روش‏ها: این پژوهش با مطالعه کتابخانه‏ای، مصاحبه‏های حضوری و تلفنی و بررسی شجره‏نامه موجود انجام گرفت. ارائه مطالب و یافته‌ها در قالبی توصیفی ـ تحلیلی به بحث گذاشته شد. یافته‏ها: سرسلسله این خاندان که نام خانوادگی نفیسی به او منسوب شده، نفیس بن عوض کرمانی ملقب به حکیم برهان‌الدین از معروف‌ترین پزشکان اواسط قرن نهم قمری بود که در کرمان می‌زیست. معروف‌ترین تألیفات وی، کتاب شرح الاسباب و کتاب شرح موجز القانون است. حکیم و پزشک برجسته‌ دیگر میرزاسعید شریف کرمانی، از پزشکان نامی قرن یازدهم قمری است که حکیم باشی دربار شاه‌عباس بزرگ صفوی (حک 1038-996 ق.) بود. میرزامحمدتقی طبیب ملقب به مظفرعلیشاه (قرن 12 و 13 قمری) و حاج‌میرزا طبیب کرمانی (متوفی 1300 ق.)، از دیگر اطبای مشهور این خاندان بودند. میرزاعلی‌اکبرخان نفیسی ملقب به ناظم الاطباء (1303-1224 ش.) از معروف‌ترین اطبای این سلسله است که دو اثر گرانقدر لغتنامه فرهنگ نفیسی و کتاب بزرگ پزشکی‌نامه را به یادگار گذاشته است. دکتر ابوتراب نفیسی (1386-1293 ش.)، رییس دانشکده پزشکی و داروسازی اصفهان در دهه چهل شمسی، مؤلف چندین کتاب و مقاله، از دیگر پزشکان سرشناس این خاندان بود. اطبای این خاندان به ویژه در دوره صفویه و در اواخر دوره قاجاریه نقش بسیار قابل توجهی در ارتقای بهداشت، درمان و آموزش پزشکی ایران و همچنین مناسبات سیاسی و فرهنگی داشته‌اند. ملاحظات اخلاقی: صداقت و امانتداری در ارجاع متون به رفرنس‌های مورد استفاده رعایت گردید. نتیجه‏گیری: استعداد فطری، آموزش نسل به نسل و فراهم‌شدن شرایط محیطی توسط زمامداران وقت را می‌توان از دلایل اصلی توفیقات این خاندان در عرصه‌های مختلف دانست

Electrical facies of the Asmari Formation in the Mansouri oilfield, an application of multi-resolution graph-based and artificial neural network clustering methods

Abstract Electrofacies analysis conducted the distribution effects throughout the reservoir despite the difficulty of characterizing stratigraphic relationships. Clustering methods quantitatively define the reservoir zone from non-reservoir considering electrofacies. Asmari Formation is the most significant reservoir of the Mansouri oilfield in SW Iran, generally composed of carbonate and sandstone layers. The stratigraphical study is determined by employing 250 core samples from one exploratory well in the studied field. Five zones with the best reservoir quality in zones 3 and 5 containing sandstone/shale are determined. Moreover, multi-resolution graph-based and artificial neural network clustering involving six logs are employed. Utilizing Geolog software, an optimal model with eight clusters with better rock separation is obtained. Eventually, five electrofacies with different lithological compositions and reservoir conditions are identified and based on lithofacies describing thin sections, sandstone, and shale in zones 3 and 5 show high reservoir quality. According to the depth related to these zones, most of the facies that exist in these depths include sandstone and dolomite facies, and this is affected by the two factors of the primary sedimentary texture and the effect of the diagenesis process on them. Results can compared to the clustering zone determination in other nearby sandstone reservoirs without cores