Economic Issues in Tariffication: An Overview

Tariffication is an effort to convert all existing agricultural nontariff barriers (NTBs) to trade into bound tariffs and to reduce these tariffs over time. The main economic issues that arise with tariffication stem from the nonequivalence of tariffs in NTBs in a number of scenarios. This paper analyzes nonequivalence arising from the existence of imperfect competition in importing countries, price instability in importing and exporting countries, and inefficient allocation of quantitative restrictions. It is shown that in all these cases the definition of an appropriate equivalent tariff to be used in tariffication is not straightforward, and that in general this equivalent tariff cannot be computed on the basis of only observed price differences between countries

Variational and Geometric Structures of Discrete Dirac Mechanics

In this paper, we develop the theoretical foundations of discrete Dirac mechanics, that is, discrete mechanics of degenerate Lagrangian/Hamiltonian systems with constraints. We first construct discrete analogues of Tulczyjew's triple and induced Dirac structures by considering the geometry of symplectic maps and their associated generating functions. We demonstrate that this framework provides a means of deriving discrete Lagrange-Dirac and nonholonomic Hamiltonian systems. In particular, this yields nonholonomic Lagrangian and Hamiltonian integrators. We also introduce discrete Lagrange-d'Alembert-Pontryagin and Hamilton-d'Alembert variational principles, which provide an alternative derivation of the same set of integration algorithms. The paper provides a unified treatment of discrete Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics in the more general setting of discrete Dirac mechanics, as well as a generalization of symplectic and Poisson integrators to the broader category of Dirac integrators.Comment: 26 pages; published online in Foundations of Computational Mathematics (2011

Ion and Water Transport Mechanisms in Salivary Glands

International audienc

Continuous versus intermittent electrical stimulation of beef carcasses and their effect on hot-boned Muscle-pH decline

Short bursts of electricity (intermittent electrical stimulation) to beef carcasses accelerated pH decline and the onset of rigor mortis more than continuous stimulation did

DS_10.1177_0022034518782461 – Supplemental material for Defective NaCl Reabsorption in Salivary Glands of <i>Eda</i>-Null X-LHED Mice

<p>Supplemental material, DS_10.1177_0022034518782461 for Defective NaCl Reabsorption in Salivary Glands of <i>Eda</i>-Null X-LHED Mice by T. Mukaibo, T. Munemasa, C. Masaki, C.Y. Cui and J.E. Melvin in Journal of Dental Research</p