ЗАХИСТ КАРТОПЛІ ВІД ШКІДЛИВИХ ОРГАНІЗМІВ

The Colorado potato beetles and aphids are especially harmful pests for potato crops in the conditions of Kyiv region. So, on the 10th day after mass rebirth of the Colorado potato beetle larvae, potato plants on untreated by insecticide plots were completely destroyed by this phytophagus. Preplanting insecticide treatment of potato tubers provided high effectiveness against the Colorado potato beetle prior to the mass rebirth and development of larvae and reduced their density of population and harmfulness. The highest efficacy (93.2-95.2%) against these pests was noted in variants with Prestige, 290 FS, Emesto Quantum 273.5 FS and Celest Top 312.5 FS. Common scab, dry rot and Rhizoctonia solani were prevailed among the diseases of potato tubers. The greatest effectiveness against the common scab was provided by Prestige, 290 FS. Thus, the infestation of potato tubers by common scab in the variant with application of the Prestige, 290 FS was almost twice lower compared to control. Preparation Celest Top 312.5 FS provided a reduction of dry rot in almost 3 times, and Emesto Quantum 273.5 FS leads to reduction of infestation by Rhizoctonia solani in 4 times, respectively. The treatment of tubers is a reliable protection of potato plants against damage by the Colorado potato beetles and lesion diseases, that made it possible to obtain tuber yields at a level of 24.4-27.4 t per ha. However, preplanting treatment of planting material with insecticides is not always able to provide the protection of potato seedlings against damage by Colorado beetles. The mass reproduction of these pests occurs after planting of tubers and emerging of stalks at high air temperatures. Therefore, it is necessary to provide additionally spraying of plants. Typically, the insecticides used in recommended rates have a long period of protective action, which eliminates the need for further treatments on vegetative plants. The anti-resistant effect of this treatment is associated with the use of the neonicotinoids class insecticides (eg, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin), that have different mechanism of action compared to pyrethroids. Under such conditions, it is important to search, investigate and introduce modern, effective insecticides into agricultural production. For this purpose the research on the preparations from separate classes of chemical compounds with various toxic properties was conducted. The most effective against the larvae of Colorado potato beetles were insecticides Confidor, 20% SC, Calypso, 48% SC and Engeo 24.7% SC when spraying potato plantings. Duration of their protection was prolonged for two weeks after the application of insecticides. The maximum technical efficiency was reached as 99.5% (Confidor, 20% SC), 99.2% (Calypso, 48% SC) and 99.3% (Engeo 24.7% SC) on the third day after application. Other insecticides such as Mospilan, 20% SP and Actara, 24% WG (96.2-97.0%) provided somewhat lower the mortality rate of these phytophages. The highest and prolonged effect against aphids was obtained by spraying potato plantings with the preparations Engeo 24.7% SC and Confidor, 20% SC, the efficiency of which reached 98.2% and 93.1%, that decreased the number of aphids in almost 60 times, compared with the control. Spraying potato plantings with insecticides according to the recommended rates of application allows obtaining the yield of tubers at the level of 25,6-28,2 t per ha.    У статті наведені результати ефективності інсектицидів різних хімічних класів проти основних шкідників картоплі. Найбільш ефективними проти колорадського жука були інсектициди Конфідор, 20% в.р.к., Каліпсо, 48% к.с. та Енжіо, 24,7% к.с. Максимальну технічна ефективність, що складала 99,5% (Конфідор, 20% в.р.к.), 99,2% (Каліпсо, 48% к.с.) та 99,3% (Енжіо, 24,7% к.с.), одержували на третій день після обробки. Проти попелиць найбільш ефективними за обприскування посадок картоплі виявились препарати Енжіо, 24,7% к.с. та Конфідор, 20% в.р.к., відповідний показник яких сягав 98,2% і 93,1%, за зменшення чисельності попелиць майже у 60 разів, порівняно з контролем. Також досліджено дію комбінованих протруйників на зниження ураженості рослин картоплі хворобами в умовах Лісостепу України. Наведено результати польових досліджень технічної ефективності протруйників за обробки бульб картоплі перед садінням. Найвищою ефективністю (93,2-95,2%) проти фітофага відзначалися препарати Престиж, 290 FS, к.с., Еместо Квантум 273,5 FS та Селест Топ 312,5 FS. Також здійснено порівняльну оцінку інсектицидів за обприскування рослин картоплі проти колорадського жука та попелиць. Найбільшу ефективність проти парші звичайної виявив препарат Престиж, 290 FS, к.с. Передпосівна обробка даним протруйником забезпечувала ефективність у період цвітіння в середньому за роками на рівні 50,6%.  Максимальну частку здорових бульб одержано на варіанті із застосуванням препарату Престиж, 290 FS, к.с. – 55,1%, тоді як на контролі цей показник був меншим у 1,5 рази і становив 37,2 %. Також на варіанті із Престижем було зібрано найбільші фракції товарної картоплі. Обприскування посадок картоплі інсектицидами за рекомендованих норм витрати дало змогу одержати врожайність бульб на рівні 25,6-28,2 т/га. Протруєння бульб є надійним захистом рослин культури від пошкодження колорадським жуком та ураження хворобами, що дало змогу одержати врожайність бульб на рівні 24,4-27,4 т/га

Taxes Harmonization Features in the European Union Countries

Today the most developed integration association is the European Union, which main predecessor is the European Economic Community that was created in 1957. The challenge on the today's agenda in the EU is the formation and strengthening of the economic, monetary and political union of the countries - members. The integration within the EU affects almost all relationship parties of the states - the EU members - politics, economics, social and cultural spheres. To indicate this process the term “tax harmonization” is used in the EU. The driving force and the motivation incentive of the taxation harmonization in the Member States of the European Union are the processes of the deepening of the international economic integration. At the same time, the tax systems rapprochement of the states involved in the integration association has the opposite stimulating effect on the further development of the integration processes in other areas. The research relevance is caused by the importance and special role of tax harmonization in the framework of the European economic integration deepening, the development of the EU united internal market, the economic and currency union formation in the EU. The study objectives is the determination of the tax harmonization and justification of its need for the integration association at the mature stages of its development, the identification and analysis of the factors affecting the pro- process of tax harmonization in the European Union countries. Keywords: economy, taxes, tax harmonization, the tax system regulation JEL Classifications: F33, G18, M4

Probing the Inner Jet of the Quasar PKS 1510-089 with Multi-waveband Monitoring during Strong Gamma-ray Activity

We present results from monitoring the multi-waveband flux, linear polarization, and parsec-scale structure of the quasar PKS 1510-089, concentrating on eight major gamma-ray flares that occurred during the interval 2009.0-2009.5. The gamma-ray peaks were essentially simultaneous with maxima at optical wavelengths, although the flux ratio of the two wavebands varied by an order of magnitude. The optical polarization vector rotated by 720 degrees during a 5-day period encompassing six of these flares. This culminated in a very bright, roughly 1 day, optical and gamma-ray flare as a bright knot of emission passed through the highest-intensity, stationary feature (the "core") seen in 43 GHz Very Long Baseline Array images. The knot continued to propagate down the jet at an apparent speed of 22c and emit strongly at gamma-ray energies as a months-long X-ray/radio outburst intensified. We interpret these events as the result of the knot following a spiral path through a mainly toroidal magnetic field pattern in the acceleration and collimation zone of the jet, after which it passes through a standing shock in the 43 GHz core and then continues downstream. In this picture, the rapid gamma-ray flares result from scattering of infrared seed photons from a relatively slow sheath of the jet as well as from optical synchrotron radiation in the faster spine. The 2006-2009.7 radio and X-ray flux variations are correlated at very high significance; we conclude that the X-rays are mainly from inverse Compton scattering of infrared seed photons by 20-40 MeV electrons.Comment: 10 pages of text + 5 figures, to be published in Astrophysical Journal Letters in 201

A change in the optical polarization associated with a gamma-ray flare in the blazar 3C 279

It is widely accepted that strong and variable radiation detected over all accessible energy bands in a number of active galaxies arises from a relativistic, Doppler-boosted jet pointing close to our line of sight. The size of the emitting zone and the location of this region relative to the central supermassive black hole are, however, poorly known, with estimates ranging from light-hours to a light-year or more. Here we report the coincidence of a gamma-ray flare with a dramatic change of optical polarization angle. This provides evidence for co-spatiality of optical and gamma-ray emission regions and indicates a highly ordered jet magnetic field. The results also require a non-axisymmetric structure of the emission zone, implying a curved trajectory for the emitting material within the jet, with the dissipation region located at a considerable distance from the black hole, at about 10^5 gravitational radii.Comment: Published in Nature issued on 18 February 2010. Corresponding authors: Masaaki Hayashida and Greg Madejsk

AGILE detection of a rapid γ-ray flare from the blazar PKS 1510-089 during the GASP-WEBT monitoring

We report the detection by the AGILE satellite of a rapid gamma-ray flare from the powerful gamma-ray quasar PKS 1510-089, during a pointing centered on the Galactic Center region from 1 March to 30 March 2008. This source has been continuosly monitored in the radio-to-optical bands by the GLAST-AGILE Support Program (GASP) of the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT). Moreover, the gamma-ray flaring episode triggered three ToO observations by the Swift satellite in three consecutive days, starting from 20 March 2008. In the period 1-16 March 2008, AGILE detected gamma-ray emission from PKS 1510-089 at a significance level of 6.2-sigma with an average flux over the entire period of (84 +/- 17) x 10^{-8} photons cm^{-2} s^{-1} for photon energies above 100 MeV. After a predefined satellite re-pointing, between 17 and 21 March 2008, AGILE detected the source at a significance level of 7.3-sigma, with an average flux (E > 100 MeV) of (134 +/- 29) x 10^{-8} photons cm^{-2} s^{-1} and a peak level of (281 +/- 68) x 10^{-8} photons cm^{-2} s^{-1} with daily integration. During the observing period January-April 2008, the source also showed an intense and variable optical activity, with several flaring episodes and a significant increase of the flux was observed at millimetric frequencies. Moreover, in the X-ray band the Swift/XRT observations seem to show an harder-when-brighter behaviour of the source spectrum. The spectral energy distribution of mid-March 2008 is modelled with a homogeneous one-zone synchrotron self Compton emission plus contributions from inverse Compton scattering of external photons from both the accretion disc and the broad line region. Indeed, some features in the optical-UV spectrum seem to indicate the presence of Seyfert-like components, such as the little blue bump and the big blue bump

КОНТРОЛЬ ЧИСЕЛЬНОСТІ ШКІДНИКІВ ТОМАТІВ ЗА УМОВ КРАПЛИННОГО ЗРОШЕННЯ

The relevance of the research. The application of insecticides when applying drip irrigation is reasonable for the protection of tomatoes, grown in arid regions of southern Ukraine, against pests, in particular against the Colorado potato beetle. When cultivating these crops, farmers should follow the operation manual for chemicals use, which indicates the optimal time of insecticide application during the irrigation cycle. Methods of the research. The use of insecticides along with drip irrigation in the form of local injections provides high efficiency in the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle control and prolongs a toxic effect of the chemically active ingredients compared to the common spraying method. Research investigation of the insecticides effectiveness against the Colorado potato beetle was carried out on Tomato sorts Lagidny, Kremenchugskiy. Insecticides were used in different ways: common spraying and applying with drip irrigation. Research results. The greatest effectiveness against the Colorado potato beetle on 7th day after insecticides applying was noted on the variants Engeo 24.7% SC (93.1%), Coragen (91.9%) and Voliam Flexi 300 SC (90.3%). The highest efficacy was provided by the combined insecticide Voliam Flexi 300 SC (94.2%) that was applied with drip irrigation. Introduction of insecticides Voliam Flexi 300 SC, Confidor, 20% SL, Mospilan, 20% SP, Calypsо, 48 % SC and Actara 240 SC with water by drip irrigation ensured their high efficiency during 21 days or more, excluding the need for their repeated application. Conclusions. The use of insecticides along with drip irrigation is a perspective area in plant protection and can be successfully used to control various insect pests of vegetable crops. Since many vegetable growers already use drip irrigation, it is easy and convenient to introduce pesticides in their irrigation systems by adding a pump for injection and the necessary equipment for the introduction of soluble pesticides (switches, check valves, etc.).Дослідження ефективності інсектицидів проти колорадського жука проводили на сортах томатів Лагідний, Кременчуцький. Інсектициди застосовували різними способами: обприскування і внесення з краплинним зрошенням. Найбільшу ефективність проти колорадського жука через 7 діб після звичайного обприскування інсектицидами відмічали на варіантах Енжіо 24,7 к.с. (93,1%), Кораген (91,9%) і Воліам флексі 300 SC, к.с. (90,3%). При внесенні із краплинним зрошенням найвищу ефективність забезпечував комбінований препарат Воліам флексі 300 SC, к.с. (94,2%). Застосування інсектицидів Воліам флексі 300 SC, к.с., Конфідор, 20% в.р.к., Моспілан, 20% р.п., Каліпсо, 48% к.с. і Актара, 24% к.с. способом краплинного внесення забезпечувало тривалість захисту культури протягом 21 доби і більше, виключаючи необхідність повторного їх застосування

Influence of associative bacterial strains on the structure of the microbiocenosis of the rhizosphere of

Currently, studies on the use in agriculture of microbial preparations based on plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria are of increasing interest. Mutualistic relationships between microorganisms and plants contribute to increasing the productive potential, immune status of crops. Deciphering of the plant microbiome, the search for effective microsymbionts and the introduction of rhizobacteria into the rhizosphere of plants are current and promising research areas for solving the problem of biologization of agricultural technologies for their cultivation. The purpose of the study was to study the effect of associative bacterial strains on the structure of the microbiocenosis of the rhizosphere and the productivity of winter wheat in the conditions of southern chernozem. The effect of strains associated with Triticum aestivum on the structure of the rhizosphere of winter wheat under the conditions of a field experiment on chernozem southern of the steppe zone of Crimea was established. A metagenomic analysis of the rhizosphere of the varieties Ermak and Bagheera showed the presence of 18 phyla. Seven phyla of prokaryotes: Thaumarchaeota, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia were included in the dominant composition (share above 1%). The positive effect of newly isolated strains of bacteria associated with T. aestivum on plant development was shown

State of microbiocenosis of southern chernozem under the no-till system

Agricultural technologies aimed at reducing the tillage can be adopted as safer farming methods to preserve and improve the diversity of soil microbial communities. The area under the promising resource-saving no-till system (direct sowing) is increase in the conditions of the Steppe annually. The use of herbicides in such a farming system causes a negative effect on the soil biocenosis. But the introduction of agronomically useful microorganisms into the rhizosphere are increasing the resistance of plants against stress factors, their yields and product quality, and preserving soil fertility. The objective of this research was to assess the state of microbiocenosis of southern chernozem under the influence of no-till system and a complex of microbial preparations. The influence of direct sowing and microbial preparations on the state of microbocenosis of southern chernozem was established. The number of cellulolytic microorganisms increased under the influence of farming systems in comparison with the virgin soil. The use of microbial preparations contributed to an increase in the number of microorganisms of ecological and trophic groups and the representation of the majority of phyla, which also depended on the system of agriculture. A decrease in the representation of Acidobacteria and Verrucomicrobia and an increase in Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were observed in comparison with virgin soil