Atividade antibacteriana do extrato hidroalcoólico de Punica granatum Linn. sobre Staphylococcus spp. isolados de leite bovino

Mastite bovina é caraterizada por inflamação da glândula mamária, geralmente em resposta à infecção bacteriana, compromete quali-quantitativamente a produção leiteira. Este estudo objetivou verificar a atividade antibacteriana in vitro do extrato hidroalcoólico da casca da romã sobre bactérias isoladas de leite bovino. As colônias de Staphylococcus spp. foram ressuspendidas a escala 6 de MacFarland e ajustada a sua concentração por espectrofotometria UV visível na concentração de 10 mL-1. Os extratos foram avaliados em quintuplicata, em sete concentrações: de 4mg mL-1 até 0,0625 mg.mL-1. A sensibilidade dos isolados microbianos foi determinada utilizando o teste de difusão em disco e os resultados que apresentaram zonas de inibição correspondentes a valores a partir de 15 mm, foram considerados sensíveis. Os resultados foram avaliados pelo método ANOVA, teste de Tukey 5%, utilizando o SISVAR 5.3 -DEX/UFLA. Adicionalmente o extrato foi avaliado quanto à atividade antioxidante, teores de fenóis e flavonoides totais. Para tanto o extrato foi diluído em sete concentrações: de 25 a 1000µg.mL-1, e avaliado em triplicata. O crescimento bacteriano foi inibido a partir da concentração de 4mg.mL-1 e a ação antioxidante foi verificada a partir de 50µg.mL-1, com valores correspondentes a 4.62%, atingindo platô de 64,90% na concentração de 500µg.mL-1. Na avaliação da atividade captadora de radicais, empregando o radical livre DPPH, o extrato demonstrou atividade antioxidante (IC50%= 378,80µg/mL). Porém, não foi possível correlacionar a atividade antioxidante aos teores de fenóis e flavonoides. Talvez a presença de outras substâncias alcaloides e taninos presentes no extrato, possam ter sido as responsáveis pela atividade antioxidante encontrada. Conclui-se que o extrato hidroalcoólico de Punica granatum Linn. apresenta atividade antimicrobiana contra Staphylococcus spp., demonstrando potencial benefício para o controle da mastite bovina

An Overview Of Mammalian Conservation At Počo Das Antas Biological Reserve, Southeastern Brazil

Artlantic Forest mammals are still poorly known and very few localties have been properly surveyed and/or studied. Protected reserves are of paramount importance for the conservation of native flora and fauna. Hereby we provide a survey of mammals captured and/or observed in Poço das Antas Biological Reserve, the largest lowland Atlantic Forest reserve in Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil. A total of 77 species were recorded, several of them endemics and/or listed as threatened either by IUCN's Red List, by the Brazilian Red List or by the regional Red List of Rio de Janeiro State. Mammals are threatened in several ways in this area: (1) habitat loss and fragmentation, (2) road mortality, (3) fires, (4) poaching, (5) cattle grazing, (6) pollution, (7) exotic species, and (8) feral populations of dogs Canis familiaris and cats Felis catus. Despite all threats, this is an irnportant site for biodiversity conservation and scientific research. 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Effect of a leucine-supplemented diet on body composition changes in pregnant rats bearing Walker 256 tumor

Cancer patients present high mobilization of host protein, with a decrease in lean body mass and body fat depletion occurring in parallel to neoplastic growth. Since leucine is one of the principal amino acids used by skeletal muscle for energy, we investigated the changes in body composition of pregnant tumor-bearing rats after a leucine-supplemented diet. Sixty pregnant Wistar rats divided into six groups were fed a normal protein diet (18%, N) or a leucine-supplemented diet (3% L-leucine, L). The pregnant groups were: control (CN), Walker 256 carcinoma-bearing rats (WN), control rats pair-fed with tumor-bearing rats (pfN), leucine-supplemented (CL), leucine-supplemented tumor-bearing (WL), and leucine-supplemented rats pair-fed with tumor-bearing rats (pfL). At the end of pregnancy, all animals were sacrificed and body weight and tumor and fetal weight were determined. The carcasses were then analyzed for water, fat and total, collagen and non-collagen nitrogen content. Carcass weight was reduced in the WN, WL, pfN and pfL groups compared to control. The lean body mass and total carcass nitrogen were reduced in both tumor-bearing groups. Despite tumor growth and a decrease in fetal weight, there was a slight decrease in collagen (7%) and non-collagen nitrogen (8%) in the WL group compared with the WN group which showed a decrease of 8 and 12%, respectively. Although the WL group presented severe tumor growth effects, total carcass nitrogen and non-collagen nitrogen were particularly higher in this leucine-supplemented group compared to the WN group. These data suggest that the leucine-supplemented diet had a beneficial effect, probably attenuating body wasting