CONSUMO DE CARNES POR ESTUDANTES DOS DIFERENTES CENTROS DE ENSINO DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA MARIA, RS, BRASIL

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/223611708716This study aims to determine which types of meats consumed more by students of different educational institutions of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The collection took place from March to April 2011 through the sampling technique for the collection of primary data through forms applied to graduate students UFSM. The pilot study conducted revealed a standard deviation of 0.275 kg of meat consumed and a sampling error of 5%, thus the total sample size of 125 students were interviewed, with a confidence interval of 95%. Of the total respondents, 77% consume more beef, chicken 20% to 2% of the fish, and 1% consume more swine. It was found that beef is most commonly used by students of different learning centers UFSM and the lamb was chosen last option for consumption by students of the institution.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/223611708716 O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar quais são os tipos de carnes mais consumidos pelos alunos dos diferentes centros de ensino da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A coleta ocorreu no período de março a abril de 2011 por meio da técnica de amostragem para a coleta dos dados primários através de formulários aplicados aos estudantes de graduação da UFSM. O estudo piloto realizada revelou um desvio padrão de 0,275 quilogramas de carne consumida e um erro amostral de 5%, desta forma o tamanho total da amostra foi de 125 estudantes entrevistados, em um intervalo de confiança de 95%. Do total de entrevistados, 77% consomem mais a carne bovina, 20% a de frango, 2% a de peixes, e 1% consomem mais a carne suína. Foi verificado que a carne bovina é mais consumida pelos estudantes dos diferentes centros de ensino da UFSM e que a carne ovina foi escolhida com última opção de consumo pelos discentes da instituição. 

Bioavailable phenolic compounds from olive pomace present anti-neuroinflammatory potential on microglia cells

The neuroinflammatory process is considered one of the main characteristics of central nervous system diseases, where a pro-inflammatory response results in oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). Olive (Olea europaea L.) pomace is a by-product of olive oil production that is rich in phenolic compounds (PCs), known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This work looked at the antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the bioavailable PC from olive pomace in cell-free models and microglia cells. The bioavailable PC of olive pomace was obtained through the process of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of fractionated olive pomace (OPF, particles size < 2 mm) and micronized olive pomace (OPM, particles size < 20 µm). The profile of the PC that is present in the bioavailable fraction as well as its in vitro antioxidant capacity were determined. The anti-neuroinflammatory capacity of the bioavailable PC from olive pomace (0.03–3 mg L−1 ) was evaluated in BV-2 cells activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h. The total bioavailable PC concentration and antioxidant activity against peroxyl radical were higher in the OPM than those observed in the OPF sample. The activation of BV-2 cells by LPS resulted in increased levels of ROS and nitric oxide (NO). The bioavailable PCs from both OPF and OPM, at their lowest concentrations, were able to reduce the ROS generation in activated BV-2 cells. In contrast, the highest PC concentration of OPF and OPM was able to reduce the NO levels in activated microglial cells. Our results demonstrate that bioavailable PCs from olive pomace can act as anti-neuroinflammatory agents in vitro, independent of particle size. Moreover, studies approaching ways to increase the bioavailability of PCs from olive pomace, as well as any possible toxic effects, are needed before a final statement on its nutritional use is made

Productive and economical efficiency, carcass traits and meat quality of confined crossbred beef cattle and slaughtered with different body weights

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência bionutricional (capítulo I), a economicidade da fase de terminação em confinamento (capítulo II), as características quantitativas e físico-químicas da carcaça (capítulo III), e as características qualitativas da carne (capítulo IV) de tourinhos mestiços F1 Red Angus x Nelore (½ RA ½ N) e F1 Blonde D Aquitaine x Nelore (½ BA ½ N) abatidos com 480, 520 e 560 kg de peso corporal. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3 (dois grupos genéticos x três pesos de abate) com seis repetições. No primeiro capítulo, observou-se que os tourinhos ½ BA ½ N tiveram maior (P0,05) entre os tratamentos. No segundo capítulo, verificou-se que os tourinhos ½ BA ½ N abatidos com 480 kg apresentaram maior (P0,05) para todas as características mensuradas. Os tourinhos ½ BA ½ N tiveram maior (P0,05) entre os tratamentos. No quarto capítulo, notou-se que a maciez, perdas por cocção, índices L*, a*, b* e c* de cor, freqüência relativa das fibras musculares tipo I e IIA, e a composição centesimal do tecido muscular não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelo grupo genético, peso de abate e interação de ambos. Todavia, os tourinhos ½ BA ½ N produziram carne com maiores (P0.05) between treatments. In the second chapter, it was verified that the ½ BA ½ N young bulls slaughtered with 480 kg had the highest (P0.05) for all measured traits. The ½ BA ½ N young bulls had higher (P0.05) between treatments. In the fourth chapter, it was verified that tenderness, cooking losses, L* a* b* and c* color indexes, relative frequency of type I and IIA muscle fibers, and the centesimal composition of muscle tissue were not influenced (P>0.05) by genetic group, slaughter weight and the interaction of both. However, the ½ BA ½ N young bulls produced meat with higher (P<0.05) proportions of cis-9 trans-11 18:1 (CLA) and monounsaturated fatty acids; and with lower (P<0.05) n-6:n-3 ratios when compared with the meat of ½ RA ½ N young bulls. Nevertheless, young bulls slaughtered lighter produced meat with lower (P<0.05) pH values, h* color index, n-6:n-3 ratios and ether extract content in the adipose tissue; and higher (P<0.05) type IIB fibers proportions, humidity, ashes and protein contents in the adipose tissue, CLA and n-3 in the intramuscular and subcutaneous fat when compared to the heavier young bulls slaughtered. Besides, the coefficients of correlation between the characteristics evaluated, in general, had low magnitude and were non-significant. According to the results, it s possible to conclude that crossbred F1 Blond D Aquitaine x Nellore young bulls and the lighter animals slaughtered are more biologic and economical efficient, and produce meat with better quality in the finishing phase on feedlot than others.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Phenological traits and nutritive value of the silages of sunflower hybrids (Helianthus annuus, L.)

Objetivou-se avaliar as características fenológicas, produtivas e nutricionais das silagens provenientes de quatro híbridos de girassol: Rumbosol-91 (forrageiro), M-734 (duplo-propósito), C-11 (duplo-propósito) e BRS-191 (granífero) semeados em três épocas: outubro (antecipada), novembro (normal) e dezembro (tardia). O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso com arranjo fatorial 4 x 3 (quatro híbridos x três épocas de semeadura) e quatro repetições. O efeito da interação entre híbridos de girassol e épocas de semeadura foi significativo para a maioria das variáveis analisadas. A semeadura em outubro apresentou ciclo mais longo, maior altura de planta, e menor diâmetro e participação de capítulo, devido a temperatura, insolação e fotoperíodo serem menores nessa época. Os híbridos Rumbosol-91 e BRS-191 semeados em novembro apresentaram maiores taxas de acamamento mais quebramento, sendo 49,6 e 65,7%, respectivamente. Os híbridos BRS-191 e M-734 semeados em dezembro apresentaram maiores produtividades de fitomassa, com 39,71 e 43,76 t ha -1 de matéria verde e 11,31 e 11,41 t ha -1 de matéria seca, respectivamente. Nos consituintes da planta, os teores de PB aumentaram e os de FDN, FDA e LDA diminuíram, respectivamente, para colmo, folhas e capítulo. Na planta inteira, os teores de MS oscilaram de 23,2% para o híbrido Rumbosol-91 semeado em novembro a 47,9% para o híbrido C-11 semeado em dezembro, indicando que os híbridos possuem capacidade diferenciada de retenção de umidade em estágio de maturidade fisiológica semelhante da cultura (fase R-9). Os teores de PB variaram de 7,0 a 15,7%, demonstrando a riqueza protéica da cultura. Os teores de LDA da planta inteira oscilaram entre 6,5 a 12,4%, sendo que os híbridos M-734 semeado em dezembro e C-11 semeado em outubro apresentaram os teores mais baixos. Na silagem, os teores de matéria seca variaram de 23,2 a 43,0%; pH de 4,0 a 5,1 e nitrogênio amoniacal como percentagem do nitrogênio total de 5,3 a 16,8%, demonstrando a diversidade de resultados em estágio de maturidade semelhante da cultura. Em relação a composição mineral, os teores oscilaram entre 6,8 a 8,8% de matéria mineral; 0,61 a 0,93% de cálcio; 0,28 a 0,53% de fósforo; 0,52 a 0,76% de magnésio; 1,37 a 3,16% de potássio e 0,010 a 0,033% de sódio, sendo que os teores aumentaram da semeadura em outubro para dezembro. A silagem do híbrido Rumbosol-91 apresentou menor extrato etéreo e maiores teores de N na parece celular, N indisponível e carboidratos totais (CHOT). Os teores de proteína bruta aumentaram e os de CHOT diminuíram da semeadura em outubro para dezembro. A semeadura em novembro e o híbrido C-11 apresentaram menores teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), FDN corrigida para cinzas e proteína (FDNcp), e fibra em detergente ácido. O híbrido C-11 semeado em novembro apresentou menor teor de lignina. A semeadura em outubro e o híbrido Rumbosol-91 apresentaram maior proporção de lignina como percentagem da FDNcp. O híbrido Rumbosol-91 apresentou maior digestibilidade in vitro da MS e da FDN que os demais. A semeadura em novembro e os híbridos C-11 e M-734 apresentaram maior teor de nutrientes digestíveis totais. O desaparecimento da matéria seca pode ser representado por um único perfil de degradação ruminal. A proporção de FDN indegradável ( I ) aumentou da semeadura em outubro para dezembro, sendo que o híbrido BRS-191 semeado em dezembro apresentou maior I . Assim, conclui-se que o híbrido M-734 semeado em dezembro apresentou melhor relação entre fenologia, produtividade, composição bromatológica, digestibilidade, nutrientes digestíveis totais e cinética de degradação ruminal visando a produção de silagem de alta qualidade.The objective was to evaluate the phenological, productive and nutritional traits of the silages of four sunflower hybrids: Rumbosol-91 (forage), M-734 (double purpose), C-11 (double purpose) and BRS-191 (grain) sowed in three dates: October (early), November (normal) and December (delayed). A randomized block experimental design in a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement (four hybrids x three seeding dates) with four replicates was used. The interaction effect between sunflower hybrids and seeding dates was significant for most of the analyzed variables. The seeding in October showed longer cycle, higher plant height, and lower head diameter and contribution, due to lower temperature, insolation and photoperiod (day s length) in this date. The Rumbosol-91 and BRS-191 hybrids sowed in November showed larger lodging plus stalk breaking rate, being 49.6 and 65.7%, respectively. The BRS-191 and M-734 hybrids sowed in December showed higher biomass yields, with 39.71 and 43.76 t ha -1 of fresh matter and 11.31 and 11.41 t ha -1 of dry matter, respectively. In the plant parts, the CP values increased and the NDF, ADF and ADL decreased, respectively, for the stem, leaves and head. In the whole plant, the DM values ranged from 23.2% for the Rumbosol-91 hybrid sowed in November to 47.9% for the C-11 hybrid sowed in December, indicating that the hybrids had differentiated capacity of humidity retention in similar physiologic maturity of the culture (R-9 phase). The CP values ranged from 7.0 to 15.7%, demonstrating the high protein content of the culture. The ADL values of the whole plant ranged among 6.5 to 12.4%, and the M-734 hybrid sowed in December and C-11 hybrid sowed in October showed the smallest values. In the silage, the dry matter values ranged from 23.2 to 43.0%; pH from 4.0 to 5.1 and ammonia nitrogen as percentage of the total nitrogen from 5.3 to 16.8%, demonstrating the diversity of results in the same maturity phase of the culture. In relation to mineral composition, the values ranged among 6.8 to 8.8% for mineral matter; 0.61 to 0.93% for calcium; 0.28 to 0.53% for phosphorus; 0.52 to 0.76% for magnesium; 1.37 to 3.16% for potassium and 0.010 to 0.033% for sodium, and the values increased from seeding in October to December. The silage of the Rumbosol-91 hybrid showed smallest ether extract and highest N in vithe cell wall, unavailable N and total carbohydrates (TC) values. The crude protein values increased from seeding in October to December, while the TC values decreased. The seeding in November and the C-11 hybrid showed smallest neutral detergent fiber (NDF), NDF corrected for ash and protein (NDFcp), and acid detergent fiber values. The C-11 hybrid sowed in November showed smallest lignin values. The seeding in October and the Rumbosol-91 hybrid showed highest proportion of lignin as percentage of the NDFcp. The Rumbosol-91 hybrid showed higher in vitro DM and NDF digestibility than others. The seeding in November and the C-11 and M-734 hybrids showed highest total digestible nutrient values. The DM disappearance can be represented by only one ruminal degradation profile. The NDF indegradable ( I ) proportion increased from seeding in October to December, and the BRS-191 hybrid sowed in December showed highest I . Thus, the M-734 hybrid sowed in December had better relationship among phenology, yield, bromatological composition, digestibility, total digestible nutrients and ruminal degradation kinetics aiming at the production of high quality silage.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Ruminal kinectics of rations with different crude glycerin levels

O atual mercado consumidor de glicerol não possui demanda suficiente para consumir todo o glicerol que pode ser gerado pela alta produção de biodiesel, o que poderia ocasionar o descarte irresponsável deste resíduo no ambiente. Uma das alternativas para consumir parte do glicerol produzido é a sua utilização na alimentação de animais. Uma importante avaliação a ser feita ao se adicionar qualquer ingrediente na ração de ruminantes é se o novo ingrediente causa alguma modificação na cinética ruminal da matéria orgânica. Neste contexto, teores crescentes de glicerina bruta (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 e 240 g kg-1 de matéria seca) foram incluídos em rações isoproteicas e isoenergéticas formuladas para atender as exigências nutricionais de bovino com 300 kg de peso corporal para ganhode 1,2 kg d -1, com o intuito de avaliar possíveis efeitos na cinética de degradação da matéria orgânica in vitro, no pH e no nível de amônia do líquido ruminal e na produção de proteína microbiana. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com nove tratamentos e três repetições. O volume máximo de gases produzidos pelas frações solúveis e insolúveis, a taxa de produção de gás pela degradação da fração solúvel, a taxa de produção de gás pela degradação da fração insolúvel, a latência, o pH ruminal, a produção de amônia e de proteína microbiana não diferiram estatisticamente dentre os teores de glicerina. Em contrapartida, a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, da matéria orgânica e da fibra sofreram aumento linear com a inclusão de glicerina. The current consumption of glycerol is not enough to use all the glycerol that can be generated by high production levels of biodiesel, which could lead to irresponsible disposal of this residue in the environment. An alternative to consuming part of the glycerol produced is its use in animal feeding. An important assessment to be made before adding any ingredient in the diet of ruminants is if the new ingredient causes some change in the kinetics of ruminal organic matter. In this context, increasing levels of crude glycerin (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 g kg-1 dry matter) were included in isonitrogen and isocaloric diets formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of a 300 kg beef cattle gaining 1.2 kg d -1, in order to evaluate possible effects of glycerol on the in vitro kinetics of organic matter degradation, Ph and ammonia ruminal levels, and microbial protein production. The experimental design was completely randomized with nine treatments and three replications. The maximum volume of gas produced by soluble and insoluble fractions, the rate of gas production by the degradation of the soluble fraction and insoluble fractions, the latency, the ruminal pH, the production of ammonia and of microbial protein did not differ among levels of glycerin. In contrast, the in vitro digestibility of dry matter, the organic matter and the fiber showed a linear increase with the inclusion of glycerin

Bio-economicity of the finishing phase on feedlot of crossbred young bulls slaughtered at different body weights

The objective in this work was to evaluate the economicity of the finishing phase on feedlot of F1 Red Angus &#215; Nellore (½ RA ½ N) and Blond D'Aquitaine &#215; Nellore (½ BA ½ N) crossbred young bulls slaughtered at 480, 520 and 560 kg of body weight. Thirty-six F1 crossbred young bull with 20 months of initial average age: 18 ½RA½ N and 18 ½N½ BA were allotted to a completely randomized design in a 2 &#215; 3 factorial arrangement (genetic group &#215; slaughter weight), with six replicates. The ½ BA ½ N young bulls slaughtered at 480 kg had the highest carcass gain (kg/day), feed efficiency, gross income (R$/day), gross profit of feed (R$/day), break-even cost of the diet (@/t DM) and cost:benefit ratio. The ½ BA ½ N young bulls also had higher dressing percentage than ½ RA ½ N young bulls. As the slaughter weight rised the dressing percentage, feed:gain ratio, feed cost (R$/@ and R$/day) and break-even point (kg/day) increased; while the gross feed profit (R$/@) decreased. The bioeconomic multivariate nutritional index had better association with the profitability of the finishing phase of beef cattle on feedlot. Sensitivity analysis did not influence the results obtained. The benefit was lower than the feed cost from exchange relation of four (4) @/t DM of the diet. F1 Blond D'Aquitaine &#215; Nellore crossbred young bulls slaughtered at 480 kg of body weight showed the best bioeconomic efficiency

CORRELAÇÕES ENTRE CONTAGEM DE CÉLULAS SOMÁTICAS E PARÂMETROS FÍSICO-QUÍMICOS E MICROBIOLÓGICOS DE QUALIDADE DO LEITE

The study aimed to evaluate the correlations between somatic cell count (SCC) and milk components, and verify the associations of environmental conditions with SCC. Data were obtained from 1,541 dairy farms located in 15 municipalities in the dairy region of Vale do Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul. The data from SCC, total bacterial count (TBC) and milk composition, from June 2008 to December 2011, were tabulated, totaling 44,089 samples. The environment temperature showed positive and significant correlation with the somatic cell score, while rainfall and air relative humidity showed no correlation. The fat, protein, minerals and total solids were directly correlated with the SCC, while non-fat-solids and lactose showed an opposite behavior. By the principal component analysis (PCA) followed by the agglomerative hierarchical clustering method, the seven treatments in the present study were reduced to five groups according to the similarity, showing that milk with SCC above 400,000 to 750,000 cels mL-1 present the same quality, not justifying the interval stratification within this range of variation

Formation of homogeneous groups of bovine milk production units via multivariate statistical techniques

ABSTRACT: Milk supply chain in Brazil exhibits significant production system heterogeneity in all federal units. Thus, the objective of this study was to form homogeneous groups of bovine milk production units based on the chemical and microbiological quality of the milk via multivariate statistical techniques. A total of 1,541 milk producing units (MPUs), corresponding to 44,089 samples, were analyzed. The first three principal components accounted for 81.38% of the total variation in the data. Principal component 1 (PC1) was associated with the chemical quality of milk (fat, protein [PROT] and total dry extract [TDE] content), while PC2 and PC3 were associated with microbiological quality (somatic cell count [SCC] and total bacterial count [TBC]). The concurrent analysis of the two two-dimensional projections characterized the different productive strata by their quality attributes and identified the positive/negative points of milk microbiological characteristics in each production group. Thus, the dimensionality of the set of 1,541 MPUs was reduced to 15 homogeneous production groups. This method optimizes the use of the dairy industry monthly database and characterizes all the heterogeneities present in dairy production systems

QUALITY PARAMETERS AND NUTRIONAL VALUES OF SILAGE FROM SORGHUM HYBRIDS (Sorghum bicolor, L. MOENCH)

The experiment was conducted with the purpose evaluating quality parameters and nutritional values of silage from the sorghum hybrids AGX-213 and AG-2002 (forage), AGX-217 and AG-2005E (double-purpose). The contrast analysis showed that the silage of double-purpose hybrids (AGX-217 and AG-2005E) had higher dry matter content (34.80 versus 32.65%) and IVOMD (59.76 versus 54.02%), and lower neutral detergent fiber content (66.62 versus 73.66%), acid detergent fiber (31.84 versus 35.19%) and mineral matter (4.84 versus 7.51%), resulting in silage with better quality and nutritional value in relation to the forage hybrids (AGX-213 and AG-2002). The contrast analysis showed no difference in the crude protein content between the double-purpose hybrids (5.85%) and forage hybrids (5.55%). Based on the chemical analysis of the silage, the AG-2005E performed better than the AGX-213, AG-2002 and AGX-217 hybrids, producing high quality silage