Periodicity of spawning aggregations of coral trout Plectropomus leopardus (Pisces: Serranidae) on the northern Great Barrier Reef

I investigated seasonal, lunar and diel patterns in the spawning behaviour of a serranid, the common coral trout Plectropomus leopardus, on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, using underwater visual census surveys. The study was conducted at Scott and Elford Reefs, 2 mid-shelf reefs off Cairns, for 4 and 3 yr, respectively. At each reef, coral trout aggregated and spawned at the same 'primary' aggregation site in each year. Primary sites are defined as those with the largest aggregations of coral trout. Spawning activity, though not limited to, was concentrated at primary sites. The aggregation site at Scott Reef measured 1700 m2 in area, and that at Elford Reef 3200 m2. Maximum numbers of coral trout recorded in these sites were 128 fish at Scott Reef and 59 at Elford Reef. Coral trout aggregated and spawned at the primary sites around 3 consecutive new moons each year within the period August-December, 1991 to 1993. In 1990 only 2 aggregations were detected at Scott Reef, both around the new moon. The largest aggregations were recorded at the primary site at Scott Reef: numbers of fish at the aggregation site rose from an average pre-spawning density of 3.9 fish 1000m-2 to aggregation densities ranging from 37.1 to 75.3 fish 1000m-2. The median size class of aggregating fish was 41 to 45 cm FL (forklength) at both reefs in all years, with a maximum range of 16 to 80 cm FL at Scott Reef, and 16 to 65 cm FL at Elford Reef. The onset of the spawning season corresponded with a rise in water temperature (>24.00°C) after the austral winter. Spawning aggregations occurred for an average of 5 d, however aggregations were not found at the sites throughout the day. The aggregations appeared to disperse in the morning and re-establish after 13:00 h. Coral trout spawned in pairs predominantly on flooding tides and when current flow at the spawning sites was minimal. Ninety-four spawning rushes were observed which only occurred during a 33 (±4 SE) min period spanning sunset. The spatial and temporal predictability of P. leopardus spawning aggregations makes them vulnerable to overfishing, but also amenable to specialised management through seasonal and/or spatial closures

Periodicity of spawning aggregations of coral trout Plectropomus leopardus (Pisces: Serranidae) on the northern Great Barrier Reef

I investigated seasonal, lunar and diel patterns in the spawning behaviour of a serranid, the common coral trout Plectropomus leopardus, on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, using underwater visual census surveys. The study was conducted at Scott and Elford Reefs, 2 mid-shelf reefs off Cairns, for 4 and 3 yr, respectively. At each reef, coral trout aggregated and spawned at the same \'primary\' aggregation site in each year. Primary sites are defined as those with the largest aggregations of coral trout. Spawning activity, though not limited to, was concentrated at primary sites. The aggregation site at Scott Reef measured 1700 m2 in area, and that at Elford Reef 3200 m2. Maximum numbers of coral trout recorded in these sites were 128 fish at Scott Reef and 59 at Elford Reef. Coral trout aggregated and spawned at the primary sites around 3 consecutive new moons each year within the period August-December, 1991 to 1993. In 1990 only 2 aggregations were detected at Scott Reef, both around the new moon. The largest aggregations were recorded at the primary site at Scott Reef: numbers of fish at the aggregation site rose from an average pre-spawning density of 3.9 fish 1000m-2 to aggregation densities ranging from 37.1 to 75.3 fish 1000m-2. The median size class of aggregating fish was 41 to 45 cm FL (forklength) at both reefs in all years, with a maximum range of 16 to 80 cm FL at Scott Reef, and 16 to 65 cm FL at Elford Reef. The onset of the spawning season corresponded with a rise in water temperature (>24.00°C) after the austral winter. Spawning aggregations occurred for an average of 5 d, however aggregations were not found at the sites throughout the day. The aggregations appeared to disperse in the morning and re-establish after 13:00 h. Coral trout spawned in pairs predominantly on flooding tides and when current flow at the spawning sites was minimal. Ninety-four spawning rushes were observed which only occurred during a 33 (±4 SE) min period spanning sunset. The spatial and temporal predictability of P. leopardus spawning aggregations makes them vulnerable to overfishing, but also amenable to specialised management through seasonal and/or spatial closures

Multimodal optical characterisation of collagen photodegradation by femtosecond infrared laser ablation.

Collagen is a structural component of the human body, as a connective tissue it can become altered as a result of pathophysiological conditions. Although the collagen degradation mechanism is not fully understood, it plays an important role in ageing, disease progression and applications in therapeutic laser treatments. To fully understand the mechanism of collagen alteration, in our study photo-disruptive effects were induced in collagen I matrix by point-irradiation with a femtosecond Ti-sapphire laser under controlled laser ablation settings. This was followed by multi-modal imaging of the irradiated and surrounding areas to analyse the degradation mechanism. Our multi-modal methodology was based on second harmonic generation (SHG), scanning electron microscope (SEM), autofluorescence (AF) average intensities and the average fluorescence lifetime. This allowed us to quantitatively characterise the degraded area into four distinct zones: (1) depolymerised zone in the laser focal spot as indicated by the loss of SHG signal, (2) enhanced crosslinking zone in the inner boundary of the laser induced cavity as represented by the high fluorescence ring, (3) reduced crosslinking zone formed the outer boundary of the cavity as marked by the increased SHG signal and (4) native collagen. These identified distinct zones were in good agreement with the expected photochemical changes shown using Raman spectroscopy. In addition, imaging using polarisation-resolved SHG (p-SHG) revealed both a high degree of fibre re-orientation and a SHG change in tensor ratios around the irradiation spot. Our multi-modal optical imaging approach can provide a new methodology for defining distinct zones that can be used in a clinical setting to determine suitable thresholds for applying safe laser treatments without affecting the surrounding tissues. Furthermore this technique can be extended to address challenges observed in collagen based tissue engineering and used as a minimally invasive diagnostic tool to characterise diseased and non-diseased collagen rich tissues

Gynecomastia and Chest Masculinization: An Updated Comprehensive Reconstructive Algorithm

Background: Gynecomastia is a common finding in males. Clinical aspect varies widely in world populations showing peculiar hallmarks according to different body shapes reflecting personal expectations; therefore, a surgical plan must be tailored on individual basis to all type of patients. Materials and Method: A total of 522 patients, treated for bilateral gynecomastia from January 2007 to January 2019, were included and reviewed in this retrospective study. Considering physical status BMI, muscular trophism, hypertrophy of the mammary region, nipple–areola disorder, gland and skin cover consistency, a four-tier classification system has been used to classify the deformity and to assess a surgical plan. In all cases, a subcutaneous mastectomy was performed under direct vision. Results: No recurrence of the deformity was observed as well as major complications such as necrosis, and high level of satisfaction was observed in all groups. No breast cancer was found at the histological examinations Operative time ranged from 25 minutes up to 120 minutes and hospitalization time ranged from 1 to 3 days. Conclusion: Since the physical status is strictly related to the clinical features of the disorder, a comprehensive classification system and a reconstructive algorithm are proposed. Level of Evidence IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/0026

Human Molar Crown Traits in Croatian Medieval and Contemporary Populations

Kosti i zubi iznimno su vrijedan i koristan izvor informacija u bioarheološkim istraživanjima, jer godinama mogu ostati sačuvani u nepromijenjenom obliku. Morfološke osobitosti zuba često su pomogle da se objasne određeni povijesni problemi koji se nalaze u središtu zanimanja antropoloških istraživanja. Svrha rada: U istraživanju smo željeli usporediti morfološke osobitosti kruna humanih kutnjaka u srednjovjekovnoj i suvremenoj hrvatskoj populaciji. Materijali i metode: Za analizu su bila odabrana 252 humana kutnjaka arheološkog (172) i recentnog (80) podrijetla. Kod gornjih kutnjaka određivala se frekvencija metakonusa, hipokonusa, metakonulusa, parastila i Carabellijeva svojstva. Na donjima je zabilježena frekvencija pojavljivanja prednje jamice, središnjeg trokutastog grebena, fisurnog crteža, zakrivljenog nabora, broja kvržica na kutnjacima, protostilida, distalnog trokutastog grebena te pete, šeste i sedme kvržice. Stupanj izraženosti svakog morfološkog obilježja bio je razvrstan prema sustavu ASUDAS (Dentalni antropološki sustav Državnoga sveučilišta Arizone). Analizom i usporedbom zuba arheološkog i suvremenog podrijetla ustanovljene su velike statističke razlike. Rezultati: Na gornjim kutnjacima uočene su razlike u frekvenciji pojavljivanja hipokonusa i metakonulusa, a na donjima je zapažena razlika u frekvenciji pojavljivanja prednje jamice i pete kvržice. Zaključak: Uočene razlike nije moguće objasniti samo istrošenošću zuba, jer su se u istraživanju stručnjaci koristili zubima s niskim stupnjem abrazije. Dodatna objašnjenja treba potražiti među dostupnim povijesnim i arheološkim podacima, jer su se u srednjovjekovnom razdoblju vodili mnogobrojni ratovi, pa su česte bile i migracije stanovništva.Bones and teeth represent an exceptionally valuable and useful source of information for bioarchaeological research, since they may remain unaltered for a long period of time. The morphological characteristics of teeth are often used to explain certain historical problems which are the focus of interest in anthropological research. Purpose: the aim of this study was to compare morphological particularities of human molar crown traits in Croatian medieval and contemporary populations. Materials and methods: This research was conducted on 252 human molars, both of archeological (172) and of recent (80) origin. Upper molars were studied to determine the frequency of occurrence of: metaconus, hypoconus, metaconulus, parastyle and Carabelli’s trait. Lower molars were studied to register the frequency of occurrence of: anterior fovea, mid trigonid crest, groove pattern, deflecting wrinkle, molar cusp number, protostylid, distal accessory ridge, cusp 5, cusp 6 and cusp 7. Each morphological feature’s degree of expression was classified according to Arizona State University Dental Anthropological System. Statistically significant differences were established through analysis and comparison of these teeth of archeological and recent origin. Results: on the upper molars there were differences in the frequency of the occurrence of the hypoconus and metaconulus. On the lower molars there were differences in the frequency of the occurrence of the, anterior fovea and 5th cusp. Conclusion: these differences can’t be simply explained by wear, since the teeth selected for research all displayed a low degree of abrasion. Additional explanation should be sought among available historical and archeological data, since the medieval period was marked by numerous wars and population migration

MANIFESTASI COMPACT CITY DI KOTA KOTAMOBAGU

Seiring berkembangnya zaman pada saat ini menimbulkan banyak permasalahan diantaranya urban sprawl. Peningkatan penduduk yang bermukim di kota Kotamobagu setiap tahunnya tentu akan semakin menambah kebutuhan ruang untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan penduduk yang semakin meningkat dan beragam, salah satu solusi mencegah meluasnya urban sprawl adalah dengan konsep compact city karena konsep ini merupakan salah satu model konsep pembangunan berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini melakukan kajian di 4 Kecamatan yang berada di Kota Kotamobagu menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif-kuantitatif dengan cara observasi langsung, pengambilan data melalui instansi dan dokumentasi. Pengelolahan data terbagi atas 3 bentuk yaitu editing, tabulating dan mapping. Analisis data menggunakan analisis statistik kuantitatif dan kemudian di uji variabel menggunakan analisis regresi linear berganda menggunakan metode stepwise sehingga didapat 2 variabel bebas yang mempengaruhi implemetasi compact city di Kota Kotamobagu yaitu faktor lahan terbangun dan indeks aksesibilitas perkotaan. faktor yang didapat kemudian dianalisis menggunakan analisis kategori metode sturges untuk mengukur tinggi rendahnya kekompakkan yang ada di masing-masing kecamatan, sehingga berdasarkan hasil analisis di dapat 2 wilayah Kecamatan yang sudah termasuk kategori compact yaitu Kecamamatan Kotamobagu Barat dan Kotamobagu Utara, sedangkan untuk kategori middle terdapat di Kecamatan Kotamobagu Timur dan kategori sprawl terdapat di Kecamatan Kotamobagu Selatan.   Kata Kunci : kota kompak, perluasan kota, pembangunan berkelanjutan.   As time goes by, it has created many problems, including Urban Sprawl. The increase in population living in the city of Kotamobagu every year will certainly increase the need for space to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse and increasing population. One solution to prevent the spread of urban sprawl is the compact city concept because this concept is one of the models of sustainable development. This research conducted a study in 4 sub-districts in Kotamobagu City using qualitative-quantitative research methods by direct observation, data collection through agencies and documentation. Data processing is divided into 3 forms editing, tabulating and mapping. Data analysis used quantitative statistical analysis and then variables were tested using multiple linear regression analysis using the stepwise method to obtain 2 independent variables that influence compact city implementation in Kotamobagu City, namely the builtup land factor and the urban accessibility index. The factors obtained were then analyzed using the Sturges method category analysis to measure the level of compactness in each sub-district, so that based on the results of the analysis it was found that 2 sub-districts were included in the compact category, namely West Kotamobagu and North Kotamobagu sub-districts, while for the middle category there were in East Kotamobagu District and the sprawl category is in South Kotamobagu District.   Keywords : compact city, urban sprawl, sustainable developmen

Sikap Petugas Terhadap Pengisian Rekam Medis Rawat Inap Di Rumah Sakit Sinar Husni Tahun 2017

Rekam medis tidak hanya sekeda rmempunyai pengertian sebagai kegiatan pencatatan saja, akan tetapi mempunyai pengertian sebagai suatu system  penyelenggaraan rekam medis penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana sikap petugas rekam medis tentang system pengisian di  Rumah Sakit Umum Sinar Husni Medan. Sikap petugas rekam medis adalah suatu kinerja secara kualitas dan kuantitas yang dicapai oleh petugas dalam melaksanakan tugasnya sesuai dengan tanggung jawab yang diberikan. Dalam mencapai kinerja yang maksimal diperlukan sistem reward sebagai dorongan atau motivasi seseorang dalam bekerja. Reward adalah insentif positif yang berupa penghargaan, anugerah, dan imbalan akibat hasil kerja yang baik yang dilakukan karyawan. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh petugas rekam medis di unit rekam medis RSU SinarHusni Medan, sampel diambil menggunakan teknik total sampling berjumlah 6orang. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa petugas  dengan kinerja yang sangatbaik 2 orang (33,3), petugas yang tetapi kinerja baik sebanyak 4 orang (66,7%). Untuk itu disarankan kepada perekam medis agar  lebih meningkatkan sikap petugas yang tercakup dalam penyelenggaraan pelayanan rekam medis di RSU Sinar Husni Medan

Photometry of the Oort Cloud comet C/2009 P1(Garradd): pre-perihelion observations at 5.7 and 2.5 AU

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the characterization of the general properties of the Long Period Comets (LPCs) family, and in particular to report on the dust environment of comet C/2009 P1 (Garradd). The comet was observed at two epochs pre-perihelion, at ~6 AU and at ~2.5 AU: broad-band images have been used to investigate its coma morphology and properties and to model the dust production rate. Comet C/2009 P1 (Garradd) is one of the most active and “dust producing” LPCs ever observed, even at the large heliocentric distance rh~6 AU. Its coma presents a complex morphology, with subtle structures underlying the classical fan-shaped tail, and, at rh~2.5 AU, also jet-like structures and spiralling outflows. In the reference aperture of radius ρ=5°×104 km, the R-Afρ is 3693±156 cm and 6368±412 cm, in August 2010 (rh~6 AU) and July 2011 (rh~2.5 AU), respectively. The application of a first order photometric model, under realistic assumptions on grain geometric albedo, power-law dust size distribution, phase darkening function and grain dust outflow velocity, yielded a measure of the dust production rate for the two epochs of observation of Qd=7.27×102 kg/s and Qd=1.37×103 kg/s, respectively, for a reference outflow dust velocity of vsmall=25 m/s for small (0.1–10 µm) grains and vlarge=1 m/s for large (10 µm–1 cm) grains. These results suggest that comet Garradd is one of the most active minor bodies observed in recent years, highly contributing to the continuous replenishment of the Interplanetary Dust Complex also in the outer Solar System, and pose important constraints on the mechanism(s) driving the cometary activity at large heliocentric distances