Tort Immunity for Volunteers in Ohio: \u3ci\u3eZivich v. Mentor Soccer Club, Inc.\u3c/i\u3e

Commentators have dubbed volunteers the third sector of the American economy, which is otherwise composed of business and government. Various services such as libraries, school boards, scout troops and little league teams depend upon volunteers. However, a series of highly publicized tort actions against volunteers in the 1980\u27s combined with a cycle of increasing insurance premiums and decreasing coverage for volunteers and nonprofit organizations, raised concern within the volunteer community. Over the past several years some jurisdictions afraid of losing volunteer services have made public policy decisions shielding volunteers from liability for their own negligence. This note explores the debate regarding the decision to provide tort immunity for volunteers in the context of the Ohio Supreme Court\u27s opinion in Zivich v. Mentor Soccer Club, Inc

Criminal Defense Attorneys and Noncitizen Clients: Understanding Immigrants, Basic Immigration law & How Recent Changes In Those Laws May Affect Your Criminal Cases

This paper provides criminal defense attorneys with a basic background for understanding their noncitizen clients. First, this paper presents a sociological look at immigration in Part II, including a look at modern anti-immigration sentiment, the assimilation process, and the psychological effects of readjustment. Part III explains the basics of immigration law as well as the legal backdrop for the drastic changes in the laws affecting immigrants that took place in 1996. This segment includes a discussion of the constitutional rights historically afforded aliens, as well as the ways in which the scope of those rights has been narrowed by both Congress and by the Supreme Court. The 1996 measures and their consequences will be examined in Part IV with a focus on those laws affecting the criminal defendant

Influence of extrinsic stresses on growth and endotoxin profiles of escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa

Thesis (M. Tech. Environmental health) -- Central University of technology, Free State, 2011The threat to the world food supply and the concern for public health as a result of food-borne diseases has been established as a constant global problem. The safety of food, in particular, is of significance to consumers and producers alike. Regarding the diseases related to food-borne pathogens, the disease syndromes affecting the entire human body has become inestimable. The focus of the study was to establish the effect of sanitisers, detergents and household storage temperatures on the growth profiles and toxicity of typical food related organisms. The endotoxin, LPS of these Gram-negative organisms in communal growth as compared to pure culture was the focus of the investigation. Pure and communal samples were grown in the presence of the extrinsic stresses including storage temperature. The change in toxicity was measured using the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test and the possible change in the immune response was determined using the porcine-IL-6 test. The first obvious finding was that the overall sensitivity of organisms was similar for the same sanitiser and the same detergent. The sensitivity of the community varied slightly but in principle followed the same pattern as the individual organisms. The LD50 for all growth samples were as follows: 32 X 104 PPM for sanitiser 1 and sanitiser 2, and 16X 104 PPM for detergent 1 and detergent 2. Growth in community was found not to be the arithmetic sum of the individual growth patterns. The detergents had a marked effect on the growth of all samples throughout the growth cycle. The sub-optimum household storage temperatures inhibited the growth throughout the cycle but growth did not cease entirely. This finding may have revealed that the acceptable refrigeration temperatures still allows for pathogen growth and thus for biofilm formation. Furthermore, the response of the community to the extrinsic stresses appears to be entirely different to the pure culture and therefore needs further exploration to address the problem. Regarding the quantification by LAL, it was found that the enumeration of the food-borne pathogens isolated from households might not be indicative of acclimatisation obtained over short periods of time and the causal stress turning these organisms into more or less toxic pathogens. The sanitisers and detergents induced competition in colonial fashion and the growth varied between feast and famine. The extrinsic stresses had a more observable effect on the older biofilm as this was shown by a decrease in toxicity. The toxicity as quantified by porcine-IL-6 yielded a mixture of stimulation levels for the cytokine. The toxicity change indicated by the test showed a variation between lowering and noticeable elevation for pure cultures. A marked elevation in toxicity was detected in community at storage temperature 4°C. The study would suggest that porcine IL-6 is not an accurate biomarker for pyrogenicity since its sensitivity is questionable and its inability to indicate toxicity if there is a possible change in the LPS structure. It should be said that further elucidation is needed to support this finding. Having said all that, it is no surprise that the validation for the two tests favours the LAL procedure. The large room for pre-test stimulation in pigs’ blood also tends to cast a shadow on the IL-6 findings. The findings of the study contribute to the body of knowledge covering the effects and quantitative analysis of toxins in food. This should add to safety assurance by sensitizing the industry regarding the most suitable analytical methodologies to apply

Reconceptualizing Mathematics Education

This dissertation is to explore theoretically mathematics education in the United States and the need for reconcepualizing mathematics education. Mathematics education needs reconceptualizing because students know very little mathematics by the time they graduate from high school. Mathematics has become a subject to be feared and dreaded for centuries. High school teachers blame middle school teachers, middle school teachers blame elementary teachers, and elementary teachers blame parents for their students\u27 lack of preparedness in mathematics. Elementary teachers express frustration in teaching mathematics because of their own lack of content knowledge and lack of preparation for the mathematics component of their profession. Regardless of who is to blame, most students entering high school are not prepared to problem solve nor are they interested in mathematics except as the dreaded requirement needed to graduate. Because I have been involved in mathematics education for more than three decades, I have seen many programs come and go. I have seen different types of pedagogy be the in way to teach mathematics. Naturally, technology has influenced mathematics education tremendously in the last decade. Unfortunately, many mathematics educators use technology as a crutch instead of using it to enhance mathematics education. Mathematics education in the United States has been debated for over three centuries. The debate is ongoing. Standardized testing has become a way of life in schools today. Teachers are expected to tell the students exactly what they are supposed to know in mathematics. Standardized tests do not allow students to be creative or struggle in their quest for knowledge because teachers must make sure they have covered the material for the test. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLBA) adds to the problem of mathematics education. The shortage of mathematics teachers throughout the nation is acute. Compliance with the NCLBA requires more mathematics teachers than can possibly be found. My purpose in writing this dissertation is to convey my thoughts and ideas about how the study of mathematics developed, how mathematics education progressed throughout history how mathematics education is progressing today, and how mathematics education will progress in the future. In my opinion, teacher preparation of elementary and middle school teachers will be a very strong component in the reconceptualization of mathematics education. Mathematics teachers at all levels should be grounded in a history of mathematics and be cognizant of the development of mathematics education throughout the relatively short history of America. Furthermore, a dialogue must be implemented and maintained between mathematics educators at all levels. With the implementation of this dialogue, mathematics education will become a subject of intrigue and beauty and will no longer remain the subject to be feared and dreaded

Caregiving: A Qualitative Concept Analysis

A common definition of caregiving does not exist. In an attempt to define the concept of caregiving, the authors used a hybrid qualitative model of concept development to analyze caregiving. The model consists of three phases: (a) theoretical, (b) fieldwork, and (c) analytical. The theoretical phase involves conducting an interdisciplinary literature search, examining existing definitions, and developing a working definition of caregiving. In the fieldwork phase, six participants were interviewed using a structured interview guide. Qualitative data analysis led to the development of two overarching themes: Holistic Care and Someone in Need of Help. Responses from participants were compared to the extant literature and a new definition of caregiving was thus formulated

It\u27s like we\u27re grasping at anything!

This poster was presented at the National Gerontological Association Annual Conference, in Louisville, Kentucky.https://scholarworks.uttyler.edu/fac_posters/1005/thumbnail.jp

Bioethics Questions Raised by Transgenic Experimentation and Science Fiction Literature

Bioethics Questions Raised by Transgenic Experimentation and Science Fiction Literature Should humans have the right to create, or breed, animal-human hybrids? This question has been raised often in more mundane contexts (e.g. dogs, even ‘ligers’). However it also takes us into difficult bioethical territory when we consider part-human or human-derived parts in genetic experimentation. In the animal world, the process is often done without concern for the welfare of the creature-in-the-making. Hybrid use runs the spectrum from making money to helping human health in the medical fields. On the medical side, some hybrids are used to grow human parts so that they might be transplanted. Hybrid animals have health issues anchored in breeding, such as infertility, and missing growth genes. Our poster presentation will approach the problem from two directions: reportage on current scientific journal studies (with specific reference to the work of Matthew Haber, Bryan Benham, Tia Sherringham, Jason Eberl and others, to consider the implications of transgenic animals and the ethics of part-human research), and open discussion of bioethical questions on the topic raised by classic and current science fiction (i.e. Wells’ Island of Dr. Moreau, Collins’ The Hunger Games, and Atwood’s Oryx and Crake trilogy). Keywords: transgenic, part-human, human-derived, bioethics, hybrid breedin