Enzimas del suelo: indicadores de salud y calidad

Ante la creciente demanda de alimentos, fibras y protección ambiental de una sociedad urbanizada en constante expansión, el empobrecimiento de los recursos naturales no renovables y las alteraciones que ha sufrido la calidad ambiental global, se plantean los conceptos de salud y calidad del suelo como parte del conjunto de herramientas para definir y asignar sostenibilidad, es decir, el mantenimiento de sus funciones dentro de los límites de un ecosistema. Los indicadores de salud  y calidad son un conjunto de parámetros (propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas) que buscan establecer estándares de calidad para el recurso suelo; dentro de este conjunto se consideran las actividades enzimáticas por estar muy relacionadas con las demás propiedades y por ser sensibles a los cambios generados por el uso del suelo. La presente revisión pretende ilustrar que el seguimiento de la catálisis biológica del suelo a través de los usos o las alteraciones que pueda experimentar un ecosistema, puede proveer información para el entendimiento de por qué los procesos responsables de mantener funciones como la producción de biomasa, la remediación de contaminantes y el ciclaje de nutrientes, sufren cambios, y si estos son positivos, negativos o iterativos.In the presence of a crescent demand of food, fibres, environmental protection for an urban society in constant expansion, impoverishment of the natural non renewable resources and the serious alterations that the environmental global quality has suffered, concepts of health and quality of soils are exposed as part of the whole of tools used todefine sustainability, in other words, the maintenance of their functions inside the limits of an ecosystem. The health and quality indicators are a set of measurements (physical, chemical and biological properties) that pretend to establish quality standards for this resource; the enzymatic activity is placed inside this set because of its close relationship with the other properties and because of its sensibleness to the changes due to handling and use. The present review pretends to illustrate how the tracking of the biological catalysis of the soil through uses and alterations that an ecosystem may suffer, may supply information for the understanding of how the processes responsible for the maintenance of functions such as biomass production, pollutant remediation and cycling of nutrients, suffer changes and if these are positive, negative or iterative

Estudio preliminar de Infecciones Urinarias Intrahospitalarias en Salas de Clínica Médica de un hospital público de San Lorenzo

Fundamento y objetivo: Con este estudio preliminar pretendemos determinar las características demográficas y la relación entre determinados factores de riesgo con la presencia de bacteriasgram negativas productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) en infecciones del tracto urinario de pacientes internados (ITU-IH). Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo de corte transversal del tipo casos y controles; de lospacientes adultos de ambos sexos que permanecieron internados en las salas de Clínica Médica del Hospital de Clínicas, de la ciudad de San Lorenzo, de enero del 2015 a agosto del 2017 con urocultivo positivo para bacterias Gram negativas y su relación con diversos factores.Resultados: Escherichia Coli fue aislada en el 43% de las IVU intrahospitalarias, seguida por Klebsiella pneumoniae (32%), Pseudomona aeruginosa (9%), Enterobacter cloacae (4%), Proteus mirabilis (4%), Morganella morganii (2%). En cuanto a los factores de riesgo asociados a ITU-IH debidas a bacterias gram negativas productoras de BLEE, el uso previo de antibiótico (ATB) fue el factor con mayor asociación con OR 2,5 (IC 95% 2,5-21,8) p 0,001.Conclusión: La bacteria Gram negativa implicada con mayor frecuencia en las ITU-IH fue Escherichia coli. El mayor porcentaje de los pacientes que presentó una ITU-IH durante su internación pertenecía al sexo femenino, presentaba algún tipo de comorbilidad; y permanecióhospitalizado por más de 10 días. En cuanto a los factores de riesgo asociados a ITU-IH producidas por bacterias Gram negativas productoras de BLEE, el uso previo de antibiótico fue el factor encontrado con mayor asociación

Efectos de enmiendas orgánica e inorgánica en maíz chipa (Zea maysvar. amiláceo L.) en un ultisol

Las enmiendas orgánicas e inorgánicas constituyen uno de los abonos de granja más importante para los pequeños productores. El objetivo de este experimento fue evaluar la producción del maíz chipa con la aplicación de enmiendas orgánica e inorgánica.CONACYT – Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaPROCIENCI

Asociación entre bajo peso al nacer y malformaciones congénitas

Introducción: Las anomalías congénitas son defectos estructurales o funcionales durante la vida intrauterina. Es poco conocida la relación existente entre el bajo peso al nacer y la predisposición a una anomalía congénita. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre el bajo peso al nacer y la manifestación de anomalías congénitas en neonatos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal. La población de estudio fueron madres que dieron a luz a neonatos en un hospital de Asunción, Paraguay, en 2018. Se crearon fichas de recolección de datos con las características maternas y neonatales. La variable desenlace fue malformaciones congénitas al nacimiento. La variable exposición fue bajo peso al nacer, definido como el reporte clínico de peso menor a 2 500 gramos en un neonato. Resultados: De 225 mujeres, se encontró que el 26,7 % presentó infecciones de transmisión maternoneonatal (60/165); 102 (45,3 %) fueron prematuros y 79 (35,1 %) presentaron malformaciones congénitas. Se evidenció asociación positiva entre antecedente de bajo peso al nacer y malformaciones congénitas (RP= 2,32; IC 95 %: 1,68-3,20). Conclusiones: Se evidencia una asociación positiva entre el antecedente de bajo peso al nacer y la presencia de malformaciones congénitas.Campus Lima Centr

Rgs2 Mediates Pro-Angiogenic Function of Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment via Upregulation of MCP-1

Tumor growth is intimately linked with stromal interactions. Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are dramatically elevated in cancer patients and tumor bearing mice. MDSCs modulate the tumor microenvironment through attenuating host immune response and increasing vascularization.In searching for molecular mediators responsible for pro-tumor functions, we found that regulator of G protein signaling-2 (Rgs2) is highly increased in tumor-derived MDSCs compared to control MDSCs. We further demonstrate that hypoxia, a common feature associated with solid tumors, upregulates the gene expression. Genetic deletion of Rgs2 in mice resulted in a significant retardation of tumor growth, and the tumors exhibit decreased vascular density and increased cell death. Interestingly, deletion of Rgs2 in MDSCs completely abolished their tumor promoting function, suggesting that Rgs2 signaling in MDSCs is responsible for the tumor promoting function. Cytokine array profiling identified that Rgs2-/- tumor MDSCs produce less MCP-1, leading to decreased angiogenesis, which could be restored with addition of recombinant MCP-1.Our data reveal Rgs2 as a critical regulator of the pro-angiogenic function of MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment, through regulating MCP-1 production

Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.peer-reviewe

Soil enzymes: health and quality indicators

In the presence of a crescent demand of food, fibres, environmental protection for an urban society in constant expansion, impoverishment of the natural non renewable resources and the serious alterations that the environmental global quality has suffered, concepts of health and quality of soils are exposed as part of the whole of tools used to define sustainability, in other words, the maintenance of their functions inside the limits of an ecosystem. The health and quality indicators are a set of measurements (physical, chemical and biological properties) that pretend to establish quality standards for this resource; the enzymatic activity is placed inside this set because of its close relationship with the other properties and because of its sensibleness to the changes due to handling and use. The present review pretends to illustrate how the tracking of the biological catalysis of the soil through uses and alterations that an ecosystem may suffer, may supply information for the understanding of how the processes responsible for the maintenance of functions such as biomass production, pollutant remediation and cycling of nutrients, suffer changes and if these are positive, negative or iterative