Gaston Bachelard et "le depart de l'image"

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Deux tentatives de recuperation de la "pensée-Michel-Foucault"

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A Concept for User-Centered Delegation of Abstract High-Level Tasks to Cobots for Flexible Lot Sizes

Technical advances in collaborative robots (cobots) are making them increasingly attractive to companies. However, many human operators are not trained to program complex machines. Instead, humans are used to communicating with each other on a task-based level rather than through specific instructions, as is common with machines. The gap between low-level instruction-based and high-level task-based communication leads to low values for usability scores of teach pendant programming. As a solution, we propose a task-based interaction concept that allows human operators to delegate a complex task to a machine without programming by specifying a task via triplets. The concept is based on task decomposition and a reasoning system using a cognitive architecture. The approach is evaluated in an industrial use case where mineral cast basins have to be sanded by a cobot in a crafts enterprise

The TRIPs agreement without a competition agreement?

This paper addresses the relationship of intellectual property rights and competition policies and rules addressing the conduct of private enterprise. Intellectual property rights are considered to be essential, but not sufficient, conditions for competition. Potentially excessive scope and use need to be balanced by way of competition rules. Such balance is partly inherent to the scope of IPRs and thus within the TRIPs Agreement. Partly, it will be achieved by applying competition rules. The proper balance, it is argued, does not necessarily require the establishment of comprehensive global disciplines on private party conduct and competition in the WTO. A number of reasons and conflicting interests are discussed. The paper argues that the balance can be adequately achieved by way of national or regional anti-trust rules, and efforts to bring about adequate legal regimes in particular in developing and transitional countries should be supported by national and international fora, including the WTO. There is no need at this stage, nor would the World be ready, for global anti-trust regimes and authorities. The paper, however, argues in favour of harmonisation of rules in two major areas: International legal assistance in the prosecution of restrictive business practices and restrictions in WTO law on export cartels. Both areas would considerably enhance the prospects for a balance between IPRs and competition rules, and thus for market access in world trade law

A Comparison of Three Designs for List-style Open-ended Questions in Web Surveys

Although list-style open-ended questions generally help us gain deeper insights into respondents’ thoughts, opinions, and behaviors, the quality of responses is often compromised. We tested a dynamic and a follow-up design to motivate respondents to give higher quality responses than with a static design, but without overburdening them. Our results showed that a follow-up design achieved longer responses with more themes and theme areas than a static design. In contrast, the dynamic design produced the shortest answers with the fewest themes and theme areas. No differences in item nonresponse and only minor differences in additional response burden were found among the three list-style designs. Our study shows that design features and timing are crucial to clarify the desired response format and motivate respondents to give high-quality answers to list-style open-ended questions

Development and validation of a quick assay for the total glucosinolate content in horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) using glucose strips and a blood glucose meter.

A quick assay to determine the total glucosinolate content of fresh horseradish roots in less than 10 minutes is described. The method involves the following steps: 1. Maceration of horseradish root with 4% phosphoric acid to avoid enzymatic degradation of endogenous glucosinolates, 2. neutralization of the extract and determination of free glucose using a commercial blood glucose meter, 3. enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucosinolates by exogenous myrosinase, 4. detection of released glucose, again using a blood glucose meter, and 5. calculation of the glucosinolate content on the basis of the difference between the two glucose values determined. The newly developed assay (‘ITC quick test’) was compared with a standard high-performance liquid chromatographic method for glucosinolate analysis

Visual Design and Cognition in List-Style Open-Ended Questions in Web Probing

Previous research reveals that the visual design of open-ended questions should match the response task so that respondents can infer the expected response format. Based on a web survey including specific probes in a list-style open-ended question format, we experimentally tested the effects of varying numbers of answer boxes on several indicators of response quality. Our results showed that using multiple small answer boxes instead of one large box had a positive impact on the number and variety of themes mentioned, as well as on the conciseness of responses to specific probes. We found no effect on the relevance of themes and the risk of item non-response. Based on our findings, we recommend using multiple small answer boxes instead of one large box to convey the expected response format and improve response quality in specific probes. This study makes a valuable contribution to the field of web probing, extends the concept of response quality in list-style open-ended questions, and provides a deeper understanding of how visual design features affect cognitive response processes in web surveys

Higher data quality in web probing with EvalAnswer: a tool for identifying and reducing nonresponse in openended questions

"EvalAnswer is a tool for automatically detecting different types of nonresponse in answers to openended questions. It was specifically developed for use in web probing procedures but it can be used in any online survey that asks open-ended questions. EvalAnswer automatically detects and codes cases of nonresponse and suggests follow-up questions which are tailored to reduce nonresponse. Once implemented in a survey, researchers have a powerful survey aid that helps to automatically increase data quality during the interview process by eliciting better answers to open-ended questions. Furthermore, the tool can be used in the post-processing of answers after data collection. The tool can be adapted to be used in one's own survey. This paper describes the survey methodology that led to developing the tool and it gives details on its validity and effectiveness." (author's abstract

Combining Quantitative Experimental Data with Web Probing: The Case of Individual Solutions for the Division of Labor Between Both Genders

In 2012, a new question was introduced into the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). It asks respondents to indicate what they consider the best division of labor between men and women. In this paper, we propose to assess the validity and cross-national comparability of this new ISSP question, using a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative experimental data with qualitative probing data. We implemented our experiment in non-probability online surveys in five countries, in which half of the respondents received the original ISSP question and the other half a variant with an additional category saying "Each family should find the solution which works best for them." In addition, the understanding of "individual solutions" was probed. We report on the understanding of this category