Die Scham - Begleiterin der Geburt : eine Arbeit über die von den Frauen empfundene Scham während der Geburt und ihren Einfluss auf das Geburtserlebnis

Das Gefühl der Scham ist allen Menschen bekannt und wird unter anderem ausgelöst, wenn die Intimsphäre eines Menschen verletzt wird. In der Pflege wurden Studien zur Scham bereits durchgeführt und festgestellt, dass sie mit der Entblössung des Schambereiches und der Verletzung der Intimsphäre auftritt. Da auch die Geburt mit mehreren Eingriffen in die Intimsphäre verbunden ist, kann angenommen werden, dass Scham von gebärenden Frauen empfunden wird. Mit dieser Arbeit werden Situationen und Umstände, in denen Frauen während der Geburt Scham erleben, und den Einfluss der Scham auf das Geburtserlebnis aufgezeigt. Dazu wurden in dieser themengeleiteten Bachelorarbeit Erfahrungsberichte von Frauen aus verschiedenen Blogs und Foren verwendet, sowie qualitative Studien ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen auf, dass Frauen während der Geburt Scham erleben und diese das Geburtserlebnis negativ färben kann. Häufig wird Scham in Verbindung mit dem Kontrollverlust von Körperausscheidungen, dem Verlust der Selbstbeherrschung oder vollständiger Nacktheit erlebt. Weitere Forschung ist notwendig, um das Erleben von Scham und den Einfluss auf die Geburt zu untersuchen, damit Hebammen und ärztliches Fachpersonal bezüglich dieser Situationen und Umstände sensibilisiert und Lösungsansätze für die praktischen Tätigkeiten geboten werden können

Imaging Shock Waves in Diamond with Both High Temporal and Spatial Resolution at an XFEL

The advent of hard x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has opened up a variety of scientific opportunities in areas as diverse as atomic physics, plasma physics, nonlinear optics in the x-ray range and protein crystallography. In this article, we access a new field of science by measuring quantitatively the local bulk properties and dynamics of matter under extreme conditions, in this case by using the short XFEL pulse to image an elastic compression wave in diamond. The elastic wave was initiated by an intense optical laser pulse and was imaged at different delay times after the optical pump pulse using magnified x-ray phase-contrast imaging. The temporal evolution of the shock wave can be monitored, yielding detailed information on shock dynamics, such as the shock velocity, the shock front width and the local compression of the material. The method provides a quantitative perspective on the state of matter in extreme conditions

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

The SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics' resources: focus on curated databases

The SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (www.isb-sib.ch) provides world-class bioinformatics databases, software tools, services and training to the international life science community in academia and industry. These solutions allow life scientists to turn the exponentially growing amount of data into knowledge. Here, we provide an overview of SIB's resources and competence areas, with a strong focus on curated databases and SIB's most popular and widely used resources. In particular, SIB's Bioinformatics resource portal ExPASy features over 150 resources, including UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ENZYME, PROSITE, neXtProt, STRING, UniCarbKB, SugarBindDB, SwissRegulon, EPD, arrayMap, Bgee, SWISS-MODEL Repository, OMA, OrthoDB and other databases, which are briefly described in this article

Psychosocial Interventions to Improve Psychological, Social and Physical Wellbeing in Family Members Affected by an Adult Relative's Substance Use: A Systematic Search and Review of the Evidence

It is estimated that over 100 million people worldwide are affected by the substance use of a close relative and often experience related adverse health and social outcomes. There is a growing body of literature evaluating psychosocial interventions intended to reduce these adverse outcomes. We searched the international literature, using rigorous systematic methods to search and review the evidence for effective interventions to improve the wellbeing of family members affected by the substance use of an adult relative. We synthesised the evidence narratively by intervention type, in line with the systematic search and review approach. Sixty-five papers (from 58 unique trials) meeting our inclusion criteria were identified. Behavioural interventions delivered conjointly with the substance user and the affected family members were found to be effective in improving the social wellbeing of family members (reducing intimate partner violence, enhancing relationship satisfaction and stability and family functioning). Affected adult family members may derive psychological benefit from an adjacent individually focused therapeutic intervention component. No interventions fully addressed the complex multidimensional adversities experienced by many families affected by substance use. Further research is needed to determine the effect of a multi-component psychosocial intervention, which seeks to support both the substance user and the affected family member

Psychosocial interventions to improve psychological, social and physical wellbeing in family members affected by an adult relative’s substance use: A systematic search and review of the evidence

It is estimated that over 100 million people worldwide are affected by the substance use of a close relative and often experience related adverse health and social outcomes. There is a growing body of literature evaluating psychosocial interventions intended to reduce these adverse outcomes. We searched the international literature, using rigorous systematic methods to search and review the evidence for effective interventions to improve the wellbeing of family members affected by the substance use of an adult relative. We synthesised the evidence narratively by intervention type, in line with the systematic search and review approach. Sixty-five papers (from 58 unique trials) meeting our inclusion criteria were identified. Behavioural interventions delivered conjointly with the substance user and the affected family members were found to be effective in improving the social wellbeing of family members (reducing intimate partner violence, enhancing relationship satisfaction and stability and family functioning). Affected adult family members may derive psychological benefit from an adjacent individually focused therapeutic intervention component. No interventions fully addressed the complex multidimensional adversities experienced by many families affected by substance use. Further research is needed to determine the effect of a multi-component psychosocial intervention, which seeks to support both the substance user and the affected family member

Ronchi test for characterization of nanofocusing optics at a hard x-ray free-electron laser

We demonstrate the use of the classical Ronchi test to characterize aberrations in focusing optics at a hard x-ray free-electron laser. A grating is placed close to the focus and the interference between the different orders after the grating is observed in the far field. Any aberrations in the beam or the optics will distort the interference fringes. The method is simple to implement and can provide single-shot information about the focusing quality. We used the Ronchi test to measure the aberrations in a nanofocusing Fresnel zone plate at the Linac Coherent Light Source at 8.194 keV

Focusing XFEL SASE Pulses by Rotationally Parabolic Refractive X-Ray Lenses

Using rotationally parabolic refractive x-ray lenses made of beryllium, we focushard x-ray free-electron laser pulses of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) down to aspot size in the 100 nm range. We demonstrated efficient nanofocusing and characterizedthe nanofocused wave field by ptychographic imaging [A. Schropp, et al., Sci. Rep. 3, 1633(2013)] in the case of monochromatic LCLS pulses produced by a crystal monochromator thatdecreases the LCLS bandwidth down to ∆E/E = 1.4 · 10 −4 . The full spectrum of LCLSpulses generated by self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), however, fluctuates and hasa typical bandwidth of a few per mille (∆E/E ≈ 2 · 10 −3 ). Due to the dispersion in the lensmaterial, a polychromatic nanobeam generated by refractive x-ray lenses is affected by chromaticaberration. After reviewing the chromaticity of refractive x-ray lenses, we discuss the influenceof increased bandwidth on the quality of a nanofocused SASE pulse

Imaging Shock Waves in Diamond with Both High Temporal and Spatial Resolution at an XFEL

The advent of hard x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has opened up a variety of scientific opportunities in areas as diverse as atomic physics, plasma physics, nonlinear optics in the x-ray range and protein crystallography. In this article, we access a new field of science by measuring quantitatively the local bulk properties and dynamics of matter under extreme conditions, in this case by using the short XFEL pulse to image an elastic compression wave in diamond. The elastic wave was initiated by an intense optical laser pulse and was imaged at different delay times after the optical pump pulse using magnified x-ray phase-contrast imaging. The temporal evolution of the shock wave can be monitored, yielding detailed information on shock dynamics, such as the shock velocity, the shock front width and the local compression of the material. The method provides a quantitative perspective on the state of matter in extreme conditions