The use of inflammatory markers as a diagnostic and prognostic approach in neonatal calves with septicaemia

The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of inflammatory markers as a diagnostic and prognostic approach in neonatal calves with septicaemia. The study material consisted of 13 neonatal calves with septicaemia (septicaemic calves, SC) and ten healthy neonatal calves (control calves, CC). Blood samples were collected for biochemical, haematological and microbiological analyses. In addition, faecal samples were collected for microbiological and virological analyses. Three of neonatal calves with septicaemia were positive for E. coli (E. coli O157 serotype) by microbiological examination, but all neonatal calves with septicaemia were negative for rota- and coronaviruses. By haematological examination, there were no significant differences between SC and CC for white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil (NEU) counts (P > 0.05). NEU counts were higher on day 0 than on day 15 in SC (P < 0.05). Red blood cell (RBC) counts and packed cell volume (PCV) values were higher on day 0 in the SC than in the CC (P < 0.05). By biochemical analyses, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin (PCT), haptoglobin (Hp), and fibrinogen (Fb) concentrations were higher on day 0 in the SC than in the CC (P < 0.05). After treatment (on day 15), the serum IL-6, PCT, Hp, and Fb concentrations were significantly decreased in the SC compared to the CC (P < 0.05). The serum iron (Fe) concentrations were lower on day 0 in the SC than in the CC (P < 0.05), and were higher on day 15 than on day 0 in the SC (P < 0.05). The study revealed that inflammatory markers could be used for determining the diagnosis and prognosis in neonatal calves with septicaemia

Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpes virus type 1 in cattle with and without endometritis

This study aimed to investigate the potential presence of bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV-1) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cattle uteri that did not display any clinical and macroscopic signs of infection. Virus detection involved polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, double immunohistochemistry (IHC), and double immunofluorescence (IF). One hundred cornu uterus samples were collected from cattle aged 1 year and older. The BVDV was detected by PCR or by double IHC/IF in the collected samples from slaughterhouses in Kayseri city (Central Anatolia, Türkiye) from 2021-2022. By contrast, BHV-1 was detected by PCR and double IHC/IF at a rate of 16.00% and 21.00%, respectively. In the IHC and IF detection, BHV-1 was detected in endometrial epithelial cells and in some mononuclear cells in the lamina propria, periglandular areas and myometrium. Although no macroscopic lesion was found in the BHV-1-positive samples (n = 21), histopathological detection showed that two had acute endometritis, eight had subacute endometritis, eight had chronic endometritis and the three others showed no signs of endometritis. This prevalence study demonstrated for the first time that even while BVDV could not be detected in the samples, BHV-1 posed a critical potential reproductive risk in pregnant animals, as it can specifically cause abortions when it resides in cattle uteri that do not show clinical or macroscopic and even microscopic signs of infection. Additionally, this study was the first to combine PCR and double IHC/IF for BHV-1 and BVDV detection in cattle uteri

İZMİR BÖLGESİNDEN ÖRNEKLENEN KENELERDE KOYUN ÇİÇEĞİ VİRUSU’NUN TESPİTİ

ÖZETKoyun çiçeği virusu (Sheeppox virus (SPPV)), Poxviridae ailesindekiCapripoxvirus genusunda yer alan zarflı ve çift iplikçikli bir DNAvirusudur. SPPV, koyun ve keçilerde deride jeneralize papül, nodül, püstül,vezikül ve son aşamada kabuk ile karakterize olan bulaşıcı koyun çiçeğihastalığına neden olmaktadır. Son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalar, Capripoxvirus ve Parapoxvirus genusunda yer alan virusların kenelerdeki varlığınıortaya koymuştur. Bu durum Poxviridaeailesindeki virusların biyolojisinde artropodların (mekanik veya biyolojik vektörlük)etkinliğinin araştırılmasını gündeme getirmiştir.Bu çalışmada, İzmir bölgesinde koyun ve keçilerüzerinden toplanmış arşiv materyali 500 adet kenenin vektör olabilmepotansiyeli Capripoxvirus’laryönünden incelenmiştir. Bu keneler Rhipicephalusbursa (450 adet; %90), Dermacentormarginatus (25 adet; %5) ve Hyalommaexcavatum (25 adet; %5) türü olarak gruplandırılmıştır. Tür ayrımındansonra her biri farklı sayılarda kene içeren 40 adet R.bursa, 5 adet D.marginatusve 5 adet H.excavatum türünden olmaküzere toplamda 50 adet kene havuzu oluşturulmuştur. Capripoxvirus genusundaki virusların tespiti amacıyla oluşturulanhavuzlar homojenizasyon ve ekstraksiyon işlemlerini takiben polimeraz zincirreaksiyonu (PZR) ile taranmış ve 2 adet R.bursahavuzunda Capripoxvirus pozitifliğitespit edilmiştir. Daha sonrasında yapılan dizi analizi ile bu iki havuzdakivirusun SPPV olduğu ortaya konulmuş ve yapılan filogenetik analiz sonucunda da buSPPV’lerin Türkiye’de tespit edilen diğer SPPV’ler ile aynı grupta yer aldığıgörülmüştür.Türkiye’de SPPV’ninkenelerdeki varlığı ilk defa bu çalışma ile ortaya konulmuştur. KenelerdekiSPPV varlığının düzenli sürveyans çalışmaları aracılığıyla araştırılması,kenelerde SPPV’nin hayvanlara aktarılmadan önce tespit edilmesine yardımcı olupSPPV’nin oluşturduğu koyun çiçeği hastalığının bölgedeki erken teşhis, kontrolve eradikasyonuna ciddi katkılar sağlayacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Koyun ÇiçeğiVirusu, Keneler, PZR, Dizi Analizi, Filogenetik Analiz.ABSTRACTSheeppox virus (SPPV) is an enveloped anddouble-stranded DNA virus in the Capripoxvirusgenus in the Poxviridae family. SPPVcauses infectious sheeppox disease in sheep and goats, which is characterizedby generalized papules, nodules, pustules, vesicles and finally crusts on theskin. Studies conducted in recent years have revealed the presence of virusesin the Capripoxvirus and Parapoxvirus genus in ticks. Thissituation has brought up the investigation of the effectiveness of arthropods(mechanical or biological vectoring) in the biology of viruses in the Poxviridae family.In this study, the potential of 500 archive tickscollected from sheep and goats in the Izmir region to be vector was examined interms of Capripoxviruses. These ticksare grouped as Rhipicephalus bursa(450; 90%), Dermacentor marginatus (25;5%) and Hyalomma excavatum (25; 5%). Afterspecies separation, a total of 50 tick pools were created, including 40 R.bursa, 5 D.marginatus and 5 H.excavatumspecies, each containing different numbers of ticks. The pools created for thedetection of viruses in the Capripoxvirusgenus were scanned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) after homogenization andextraction processes and Capripoxviruspositivity was detected in 2 R.bursapools. After the sequence analysis, it was revealed that the virus in these twopools was SPPV, and as a result of the phylogenetic analysis, it was seen thatthese SPPVs were in the same group as the other SPPVs detected in Turkey.The presence of SPPV in ticks in Turkey was revealedfor the first time with this study. Investigating the presence of SPPV in ticksthrough regular surveillance studies will help detect SPPV in ticks before theyare transmitted to animals, and will make serious contributions to the earlydiagnosis, control and eradication of sheeppox disease caused by SPPV in theregion.Keywords: Sheeppox Virus,Ticks, PCR, Sequence Analysis, Phylogenetic Analysis.</p

Molecular characterization of canine coronaviruses: an enteric and pantropic approach

Canine coronavirus (CCoV) generally causes an infection with high morbidity and low mortality in dogs. In recent years, studies on coronaviruses have gained a momentum due to coronavirus outbreaks. Mutations in coronaviruses can result in deadly diseases in new hosts (such as SARS-CoV-2) or cause changes in organ-tissue affinity, as occurred with feline infectious peritonitis virus, exacerbating their pathogenesis. In recent studies on different types of CCoV, the pantropic strains characterized by hypervirulent and multi-systemic infections are believed to be emerging, in contrast to classical enteric coronavirus infections. In this study, we investigated emerging hypervirulent and multi-systemic CCoV strains using molecular and bioinformatic analysis, and examined differences between enteric and pantropic CCoV strains at the phylogenetic level. RT-PCR was performed with specific primers to identify the coronavirus M (membrane) and S (spike) genes, and samples were then subjected to DNA sequencing. In phylogenetic analysis, four out of 26 samples were classified as CCoV-1. The remaining 22 samples were all classified as CCoV-2a. In the CCoV-2a group, six samples were in branches close to enteric strains, and 16 samples were in the branches close to pantropic strains. Enteric and pantropic strains were compared by molecular genotyping of CCoV in dogs. Phylogenetic analysis of hypervirulent pantropic strains was carried out at the amino acid and nucleotide sequence levels. CCoV was found to be divergent from the original strain. This implies that some CCoV strains have become pantropic strains that cause multisystemic infections, and they should not be ruled out as the cause of severe diarrhea and multisystemic infections

Examen de adenovirus con métodos moleculares y patológicos en casos de pneumonía ovina

Objective. Reveal adenoviruses (AdV) that cause pneumonia in sheep and examine pathologic changes in the pulmonary and mediastinal lymph nodes of naturally infected adenovirus-positive specimens. Material and method. For this purpose, 1459 lungs of sheep slaughtered in a slaughterhouse were macroscopically examined, and pneumonia lesions were detected in 88 (6.03%) of these. The paraffinized tissue sections of these specimens with pneumonia were examined with the immunohistochemical (IHC) and indirect immunofluorescence (IF) methods, whereas their tissue homogenates were examined using the Antigen ELISA and PCR methods for adenovirus positivity. Results. Accordingly, the prevalence of adenoviruses was determined as 19.3% for IHC, 22.7% for IF, 20.5% for ELISA and 13.6% for PCR. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was performed to examine histopathological changes in the specimens that were naturally infected with adenoviruses. The histopathological examinations of the naturally infected lung specimens revealed mainly interstitial pneumonia, as well as catarrhal and verminous pneumonia findings. Consequently, it was determined that the most effective methods in the detection of adenoviruses in sheep pneumonias were found respectively as IF, ELISA, IHC and PCR. The finding that adenoviruses were observed only in the mediastinal lymph nodes of some specimens in the immunopathological methods suggested that the latency. Conclusions. The presence of adenoviruses in sheep pneumonia cases was determined with the indirect immunofluorescence, antigen ELISA and PCR methods for the first time. The possibility of the latent nature of adenovirus infection in these species was also discussed for the first time.Objetivo. Revelar adenovirus (AdV) que causan pneumonía en ovejas y examinar cambios patológicos en los ganglios linfáticos pulmonares y mediastínicos de muestras positivas para adenovirus infectadas de forma natural. Material y métodos. Se examinaron macroscópicamente 1459 pulmones de ovejas y se detectaron lesiones de pneumonía en 88 (6.03%) de estas. Las secciones de tejido parafinadas de estos especímenes con pneumonía se examinaron con los métodos inmunohistoquímicos (IHC) e inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IF), mientras que tejidos homogeneizados se examinaron usando los métodos ELISA de antígeno y PCR para determinar la positividad de adenovirus. Resultados. La prevalencia de adenovirus se determinó como 19.3% para IHC, 22.7% para IF, 20.5% para ELISA y 13.6% para PCR. La tinción con hematoxilina-eosina (HE) se realizó para examinar los cambios histopatológicos en las muestras que estaban infectadas naturalmente con adenovirus. Los exámenes histopatológicos de las muestras de pulmón infectadas de forma natural revelaron mayormente pneumonía intersticial, junto con hallazgos de pneumonía catarral y verminosa. Se determinó que los métodos más eficaces en la detección de adenovirus en pneumonías ovinas fueron encontrado respectivamente como IF, ELISA, IHC y PCR. El hallazgo de que los adenovirus solo se vio en los ganglios linfáticos mediastínicos de algunas muestras en los métodos inmunopatológicos sugirió latencia. Conclusiones. La presencia de adenovirus en casos de pneumonía ovina se determinó por primera vez con los métodos de inmunofluorescencia indirecta, ELISA de antígenos y PCR. La posibilidad de la naturaleza latente de la infección por adenovirus en estas especies también se discutió por primera vez

Co-circulation of canine chaphamaparvovirus and canine parvovirus 2 in dogs with diarrhea in Turkey

Chaphamaparvoviruses, a divergent group of parvoviruses (family Parvoviridae) infect both domestic and wild mammalian and avian species, including bats, chickens and pigs. They have recently been identified using metagenomic analysis from tissue and stool samples of healthy and sick animals. Here, dogs (60 healthy and 43 diarrheal) were investigated for the presence of canine chaphamaparvovirus, canine coronavirus (CCoV), canine adenovirus (CAV), canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine parvovirus 2 (CPV- 2) by rectal swabs using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For chaphamaparvovirus, all the healthy dogs tested negative whereas three of the diarrheal dogs tested positive (3 /103; 2.9%). CPV-2 was also detected in diarrheal dogs (28/43; 65%) but no other viruses were found in the rectal samples of the sick dogs. The three chaphamaparvovirus-positive dogs were also positive for CPV-2. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the chaphamaparvoviruses were all related to American strains, forming a separate Glade in the mammalian group. Amino acid sequence comparisons demonstrated that the Turkish strains had one substitution at 743 (Ser -> Gly) and substitutions at 688 (Ser -> Leu), 716 (Asp -> His) and 743 (Cys -> Ser/Gly) compared to the American strains. This study provides the first report of chaphamaparvovirus in Turkey. It also documents, for the first time, co-circulation of chaphamaparvovirus and CPV-2 in Turkey's dog population

Molecular and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) in dogs in southeast Anatolia, Turkey

Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is the aetiological agent of an infectious viral disease of dogs, characterised by diarrhoea and vomiting. Mutations of the CPV-2 genome have generated new variants circulating worldwide. This article reports the molecular analysis of CPV-2 variants collected in the dog population in southeast Anatolia, Turkey. Twenty blood samples previously taken for the laboratory diagnosis of dogs with suspected parvovirus were screened for CPV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 20 samples, 18 tested positive for CPV-2. Partial VP2 gene sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis revealed CPV-2a (n = 1), CPV-2b (n = 16) and CPV-2c (n = 1) variants. Phylogenetic analysis based on the partial length VP2 gene showed that CPV-2b (n = 15) variants showed sequences clustering separately in the phylogenetic tree. The CPV-2c sample was phylogenetically related to Chinese strains and Indonesia strain, whereas the CPV-2a sample was phylogenetically related to the Portuguese strain. These results, which are the first to demonstrate the presence of CPV-2c in the dog population of southeast Anatolia, Turkey, indicate that CPV-2a/2b/2c variants co-exist in Turkey's dog population

Koinfekcija teladi virusom papularnog stomatitisa goveda, rotavirusom i Cryptosporidium Spp

Concurrent occurence of bovine papular stomatitis, rotavirus infection and cryptosporidiosis was diagnosed postmortem in a 7-days-old calf from a farm containing 65 calves of different ages. Multifocal papular stomatitis and rumenitis were present on necropsy. While polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed rotavirus and papular stomatitis virus infections; bovine viral diarrhea, foot and mouth disease, bovine papilloma virus and coronavirus could not be detected. Overall; concurrent co-infection with bovine papular stomatitis virus, rotavirus and cryptosporidium spp. was reported for the first time.Postmortalno je dijagnostikovana infekcija virusom papuloznog stomatitisa, rotavirusna infekcija kao i kriptosporidioza kod teleta starog 7 dana, na farmi sa 65 teladi različitog uzrasta. Prilikom obdukcije, uočene su multifokalne lezije karakteristične za papulozni stomatitis kao i rumenitis. Testom lančane reakcije polimeraze (PCR) dokazano je prisustvo rotavirusa i virusa izazivača papuloznog stomatitisa, pri čemu nisu dokazani virusi izazivači bovine virusne dijareje, slinavke i šapa, papilomatoze i koronavirusne infekcije. Uopšteno, ovim je po prvi put je prikazan slučaj koinfekcije virusom izazivačem papuloznog stomatitisa, rotavirusne infekcije i infekcija sa Cryptosporidium spp