A novel method for quantification of decabromodiphenyl ether in plastics without sample preparation using direct insertion probe-magnetic sector high resolution mass spectrometry

We report a rapid, efficient analytical method for detecting Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) in plastic materials using direct insertion probe with double focusing magnetic sector high resolution mass spectrometry.</p

Regulation of meiotic prophase arrest in mouse oocytes by GPR3, a constitutive activator of the Gs G protein

The arrest of meiotic prophase in mouse oocytes within antral follicles requires the G protein Gs and an orphan member of the G protein–coupled receptor family, GPR3. To determine whether GPR3 activates Gs, the localization of Gαs in follicle-enclosed oocytes from Gpr3+/+ and Gpr3−/− mice was compared by using immunofluorescence and GαsGFP. GPR3 decreased the ratio of Gαs in the oocyte plasma membrane versus the cytoplasm and also decreased the amount of Gαs in the oocyte. Both of these properties indicate that GPR3 activates Gs. The follicle cells around the oocyte are also necessary to keep the oocyte in prophase, suggesting that they might activate GPR3. However, GPR3-dependent Gs activity was similar in follicle-enclosed and follicle-free oocytes. Thus, the maintenance of prophase arrest depends on the constitutive activity of GPR3 in the oocyte, and the follicle cell signal acts by a means other than increasing GPR3 activity

Online-Überwachung eines Fermentationsprozesses mit Reflektometrischer Interferenzspektroskopie

Die prozessnahe online-Überwachung von biotechnologischen Prozessen gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Dabei werden von der Industrie vermehrt schnelle und genaue Analysenmethoden gefordert, um Kultivierungsbedingungen optimieren und die Fermentationsdauer reduzieren zu können. Bisher werden meist nur allgemeine Paramter wie Druck, Temperatur oder pH-Wert online verfolgt. Eine produktspezifische Analytik erfolgt größtenteils offline. D. h. die Proben werden manuell gezogen und nachfolgend in einem Labor analysiert. Eine solche Prozedur ist fast immer sehr arbeitsaufwändig und teuer. Problematisch kann auch die zeitliche Verzögerung zwischen Fermentationsprozess und Analysenergebnis sein. Insbesondere bei Batch-Fermentationen kann es bei Überproduktion zu Neben- und Abbauprodukten kommen. Wünschenswert ist deshalb eine zeitnahe, möglichst prozessintegrierte Anayltik, um gezielt den Fermentationprozess steuern zu können. In unserer Arbeitsgruppe wurde ein optischer Biosensor entwickelt, der eine produktspezifische, schnelle online-Überwachung eines Fermentationsprozesses erlaubt. Modellhaft wurde dabei die Produktion des Antibiotikums Vancomycin während einer Fermentation verfolgt. Die Wirkungsweise des Vancomycins beruht auf einer spezifischen Bindung an Mukopeptidvorstufen, die auf die Sequenz D-Alanin-D-Alanin enden. Um eine spezifische Detektion von Vancomycin zu erreichen wurden entsprechende Peptide kovalent auf ein Glasssubstrat immobilisiert und die Wechselwirkung zwischen der Oberfläche und Vancomycin mittels Reflektometrischer Interferenzspektroskopie (RIfS) verfolgt

ICON-O: The Ocean Component of the ICON Earth System Model - Global simulation characteristics and local telescoping capability

Abstract We describe the ocean general circulation model ICON-O of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, which forms the ocean-sea ice component of the Earth system model ICON-ESM. ICON-O relies on innovative structure-preserving finite volume numerics. We demonstrate the fundamental ability of ICON-O to simulate key features of global ocean dynamics at both uniform and non-uniform resolution. Two experiments are analyzed and compared with observations, one with a nearly uniform and eddy-rich resolution of ?10?km and another with a telescoping configuration whose resolution varies smoothly from globally ?80?km to ?10?km in a focal region in the North Atlantic. Our results show first, that ICON-O on the nearly uniform grid simulates an ocean circulation that compares well with observations and second, that ICON-O in its telescope configuration is capable of reproducing the dynamics in the focal region over decadal time scales at a fraction of the computational cost of the uniform-grid simulation. The telescopic technique offers an alternative to the established regionalization approaches. It can be used either to resolve local circulation more accurately or to represent local scales that cannot be simulated globally while remaining within a global modeling framework

Limited life cycle and cost assessment for the bioconversion of lignin-derived aromatics into adipic acid

Lignin is an abundant and heterogeneous waste byproduct of the cellulosic industry, which has the potential of being transformed into valuable biochemicals via microbial fermentation. In this study, we applied a fast-pyrolysis process using softwood lignin resulting in a two-phase bio-oil containing monomeric and oligomeric aromatics without syringol. We demonstrated that an additional hydrodeoxygenation step within the process leads to an enhanced thermochemical conversion of guaiacol into catechol and phenol. After steam bath distillation, Pseudomonas putida KT2440-BN6 achieved a percent yield of cis, cis-muconic acid of up to 95 mol% from catechol derived from the aqueous phase. We next established a downstream process for purifying cis, cis-muconic acid (39.9 g/L) produced in a 42.5 L fermenter using glucose and benzoate as carbon substrates. On the basis of the obtained values for each unit operation of the empirical processes, we next performed a limited life cycle and cost analysis of an integrated biotechnological and chemical process for producing adipic acid and then compared it with the conventional petrochemical route. The simulated scenarios estimate that by attaining a mixture of catechol, phenol, cresol, and guaiacol (1:0.34:0.18:0, mol ratio), a titer of 62.5 (g/L) cis, cis-muconic acid in the bioreactor, and a controlled cooling of pyrolysis gases to concentrate monomeric aromatics in the aqueous phase, the bio-based route results in a reduction of CO2 -eq emission by 58% and energy demand by 23% with a contribution margin for the aqueous phase of up to 88.05 euro/ton. We conclude that the bio-based production of adipic acid from softwood lignins brings environmental benefits over the petrochemical procedure and is cost-effective at an industrial scale. Further research is essential to achieve the proposed cis, cis-muconic acid yield from true lignin-derived aromatics using whole-cell biocatalysts

Radial transport of poloidal momentum in ASDEX Upgrade in L-mode and H-mode

Abstract: A reciprocating probe was used for localized measurements of the radial transport of poloidal momentum in the scrape-off layer (SOL) of ASDEX Upgrade (AUG). The probe measured poloidal and radial electric field components and density. We concentrate on three components of the momentum transport: Reynolds stress, convective momentum flux and triple product of the fluctuating components of density, radial and poloidal electric field. For the evaluation we draw mainly on the probability density functions (PDFs)