The Features of Crime of Threat in the Iran and US Criminal Law

Threat is one of behaviors which punishment is considered for it in the criminal law of Iran and US. The importance of investigating on crime of threat is where, persons and civilians in accordance with domestic laws and international instruments have the very important right as “freedom of speech” and the mentioned right violation is accompanied by criminal sanctions, on the other hand, some words or committing a specific behavior by them and according the same rules is banned and considered as is criminal threats. Nevertheless, laws of both countries have adopted different approaches in regards to terms of realization of the crime and its various manifestations. Knowing the characteristics of the crime play a significant role in explaining and analyzing criminal behavior and compliance with legal cases. Some of these features in the laws of both countries explicitly and others have been stated implicitly. The lack of clear rules regarding certain characteristics of the threat, made it difficult that jurists, judges and lawyers to understand these features. Therefore, in this paper determine the characteristics of the threat in the Iran an US law.

Variation in Weed Seed Fate Fed to Different Holstein Cattle Groups.

Weed seeds may maintain their viability when passing through the digestive tract of cattle and can be therefore dispersed by animal movement or the application of manure. Whether different cattle types of the same species can cause differential weed seed fate is largely unknown to us particularly under non-grazed systems similar to Holstein-Friesian dairy farming. We investigated the effect on the seed survival of four weed species in the digestive tracts of four groups of Holstein cattle: lactating cows, feedlot male calves, dry cows and growing heifers. The weed species used were Cuscuta campestris, Polygonum aviculare, Rumex crispus and Sorghum halepense. Cattle excretion was sampled for recovery and viability of seeds at four 24 hourly intervals after seed intake. The highest seed recovery occurred two days after seed intake in all cattle groups. Averaged over weed species, dry and lactating cows had the lowest and highest seed recovery of 36.4% and 74.4% respectively. No significant differences were observed in seed recovery of the four weed species when their seeds were fed to dry cows. Based on a power model fitted to seed viability data, the estimated time to 50% viability loss after seed intake, over all cattle groups ranged from 65 h (R. crispus) to 76 h (P. aviculare). Recovered seeds from the dung of feedlot male calves showed the highest mortality among cattle groups. Significant correlation was found between seed viability and ruminal pH (r = 0.86; P<0.05). This study shows that management programs aiming to minimize weed infestation caused by livestock should account for the variation amongst cattle groups in seed persistence. Our findings can be used as a guideline for evaluating the potential risk of the spread of weeds via the application of cattle manure

Authenticity and Teaching Idioms

The concept of ‘authenticity’ or ‘the authentic material’ has been a controversial issue during the past 30 years. However, in recent years, more emphasis has been given to a multifaceted model and there has been an attempt to put an end to binary definitions of authenticity. In the present study, five types of input authenticity proposed by Brown and Menasche (2008) were taken into account. This model consists of genuine input authenticity, altered input authenticity, adapted input authenticity, stimulated input authenticity and inauthenticity. In this study, an attempt was made to explore the effect of four out of five types of multifaceted input authenticity model on learning idiomatic expressions of EFL learners. A quasi-experimental research study was conducted and 62 male EFL learners were assigned to four groups and four types of authentic idiomatic materials were prepared and taught to them. A one-way ANOVA was run on the scores obtained from a pre-test (which tested participants’ idiomatic expressions understanding) and it did not show any significant difference among the participating groups (F = 0.39, p = .757).  During the treatment period, which lasted for two months, three sessions a week, four groups received four types of different idiomatic materials with different types of authenticity. A one-way ANOVA run on the scores of the four groups reached statistical difference (F = 31.31, p = .000). In order to find the exact location of differences found, a follow-up analysis (LSD test) was conducted. Generally viewed, the results found in this study suggest that the materials with less authenticity, namely simulated input authenticity and inauthenticity, could be more beneficial than the materials with higher degree of authenticity, namely altered and adapted input authenticity. Keywords: genuine input authenticity, altered input authenticity, adapted input authenticity, stimulated input authenticity and inauthenticity

A new computerized program for grain yield stability analysis in wheat

 Abstract. Advanced statistical codes we present in MINITAB statistical environment, produces comprehensive computational and graphical outputs for the best stability analysis, additive main and multiplicative interaction effect (AMMI). The experiment comprised of a population of doubled-haploid wheat lines at 2006-2009 ys. As lattice designs. The results of AMMI analysis of grain yield showed the significant (P0.01) effect of years, lines, and their interaction effect, along with 49.1, 7.80 20.63% of the total variation, respectively. Also the written macro partitioned the GEI effect to three IPCA scores, accounted for 40.70, 35.32 23.96% of the GEI, respectively. The results of the cross-validation with FR (Cornelius) indicated the appropriateness of AMMI2 model, whereby the biplots of genotypes years drawn, by which the stable genotypes were chosen. This program provided useful computations such as: principal component analysis, cluster analysis, Finlay-Wilkinson stability regression analysis and so on. In general, this program has a high potential for AMMI yield (etc) stability analyses, following estimating their parameters and could be applied by researchers working with stability analysis in plant breeding programs to obtain the most tolerant/resistant cultivars during multienvironment trials

Performance evaluation of single stand and hybrid solar water heaters: A comprehensive review

In this review, flat plate and concentrate-type solar collectors, integrated collector–storage systems, and solar water heaters combined with photovoltaic–thermal modules, solar-assisted heat pump solar water heaters, and solar water heaters using phase change materials are studied based on their thermal performance, cost, energy, and exergy efficiencies. The maximum water temperature and thermal efficiencies are enlisted to evaluate the thermal performance of the different solar water heaters. It is found that the solar water heaters’ performance is considerably improved by boosting water flow rate and tilt angle, modification of the shape and number of collectors, using wavy diffuse and electrodepositioned reflector coating, application of the corrugated absorber surface and coated absorber, use of turbulent enhancers, using thermal conductive working fluid and nanofluid, the inclusion of the water storage tank, and tank insulation. These items increase the heat transfer area and coefficient, thermal conductivity, the Reynolds and Nusselt numbers, heat transfer rate, and energy and exergy efficiencies. The evacuated tube heaters have a higher temperature compared to the collectors with a plane surface. Their thermal performance increases by using all-glass active circulation and heat pipe integration. The concentrative type of solar water heaters is superior to other solar heaters, particularly in achieving higher water temperatures. Their performance improves by using a rotating mirror concentrator. The integration of the system with energy storage components, phase change materials, or a heat pump provides a satisfactory performance over conventional solar water heaters