Child-focused evaluation: Involving children as their own respondents

Background: Undertaking child-focused evaluations using a participatory approach has received recognition in recent years. Such an approach is critical not only to build capacity amongst children and youth but also to increase the rigour, validity and usefulness of evaluation findings. Objectives: The current paper builds on the methods used in a longitudinal evaluation of a parenting programme on reintegration outcomes of children, ages 1–13 years, living in residential care facilities in Uganda. The procedures used to select and modify measures to enable 8–13-year-old children to self-report on their own outcomes are described. Method: Using a grounded theory of child development, the authors describe the data collection protocols and child-friendly measures used as well as the piloting work that was done by engaging children in the feedback process. Results: The study underscored the importance of adapting hybrid methods to the local context of a child-focused evaluation, especially in collecting data from young children on sensitive topics across a variety of situations. Conclusion: The process described in this article can be replicated for designing and conducting evaluations that are child centric and have children as informants of their own well-being. Contribution: The article contributes to a growing body of knowledge on child-focused evaluations by building on a study conducted in Uganda that focused on developing child-centric measures and data collection procedures. This study shows how to involve children as respondents and assists evaluators to design studies that are ethical, safe, and sensitive to the needs of the children

Repeat pregnancy in women with HIV infection in Latin America and the Caribbean

Maria Isabel Fragoso da Silveira Gouvêa. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Documento produzido em parceria ou por autor vinculado à Fiocruz, mas não consta à informação no documento.Submitted by Janaína Nascimento ([email protected]) on 2019-04-04T12:07:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ve_ Kreitchmann_Regis_etal_INI_2016.pdf: 503162 bytes, checksum: 9db62c30f29255b3ce8570c9b1e3d498 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Janaína Nascimento ([email protected]) on 2019-04-04T14:01:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ve_ Kreitchmann_Regis_etal_INI_2016.pdf: 503162 bytes, checksum: 9db62c30f29255b3ce8570c9b1e3d498 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-04-04T14:01:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ve_ Kreitchmann_Regis_etal_INI_2016.pdf: 503162 bytes, checksum: 9db62c30f29255b3ce8570c9b1e3d498 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.Westat. Rockville, MD, USA.Federal University of Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, BrazilIrmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.U.S. Department of State. Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator. Washington D.C., USA.Westat. Rockville, MD, USA.Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.University of São Paulo. Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto. Ribeirão Preto. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.Hospital General de Agudos José María Ramos Mejía. HIV Unit. Buenos Aires, Argentina.National Institutes of Health. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Maternal Pediatric Infectious Disease Branch. Bethesda, MD, USA.Intended and unintended pregnancies occur frequently among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women. We evaluated the occurrence of repeat pregnancy and characteristics associated with this outcome among HIV-infected women in Latin America and the Caribbean who were participating in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) International Site Development Initiative (NISDI). Of the 1342 HIV-infected pregnant women enrolled in NISDI, 124 (9.2%) had one or more repeat pregnancies on study. Median time between the index delivery and date of conception of the subsequent pregnancy was 1.4 years (range 0.1-5.7). Younger age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-1.11 per one year decrease in age), hospitalization during the index pregnancy or up to six months post-partum [OR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.2-3.4], and poor index pregnancy outcome (stillbirth or spontaneous/therapeutic abortion; OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.4-8.4) were associated with increased occurrence of repeat pregnancy in multivariable analysis. Among women with repeat pregnancies, the proportion receiving antiretroviral treatment (vs. prophylaxis) increased from 39.4% at the time of the index pregnancy to 81.8% at the time of the repeat pregnancy (p < 0.001). These results can help identify women most likely to benefit from reproductive counseling in order to assist with healthy pregnancy planning and prevention of unintended pregnancies

Declining HIV prevalence among young pregnant women in Lusaka, Zambia

OBJECTIVE: HIV prevention has been ongoing in Lusaka for many years. Recent reports suggest a possible decline in HIV sero-incidence in Zambia and some neighbouring countries. This study aimed to examine trends in HIV seroprevalence among pregnant and parturient women between 2002 and 2006. METHODS: We analysed HIV seroprevalence trends from two Lusaka sources: (i) antenatal data from a city-wide programme to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission, and (ii) delivery data from two anonymous unlinked cord-blood surveillances performed in 2003 and again in 2005-2006, where specimens from > 97% of public-sector births in each period were obtained and analysed. FINDINGS: Between July 2002 and December 2006, the Lusaka district tested 243 302 antenatal women for HIV; 54 853 (22.5%) were HIV infected. Over this period, the HIV seroprevalence among antenatal attendees who were tested declined steadily from 24.5% in the third quarter of 2002 to 21.4% in the last quarter of 2006 (P < 0.001). The cord-blood surveillances were conducted between June and August 2003 and again between October 2005 and January 2006. Overall HIV seroprevalence declined from 25.7% in 2003 to 21.8% in 2005-2006 (P = 0.001). Among women < 17 years of age, seroprevalence declined from 12.1% to 7.7% (P = 0.015). CONCLUSION: HIV seroprevalence appears to be declining among antenatal and parturient women in Lusaka. The decline is most dramatic among women < " 17 years of age, suggesting a reduction in sero-incidence in this important age group

Hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia among HIV-infected pregnant women from Latin America and Caribbean countries

The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the US National Institutes of Health or the Department of Health and Human Services.Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-08T14:09:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1914 bytes, checksum: 7d48279ffeed55da8dfe2f8e81f3b81f (MD5) josehenrique_pilotto_IOC_2014.pdf: 431330 bytes, checksum: a8336627d368ba0512d9a5f379c494dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Westat. Rockville, MD, USA.Westat. Rockville, MD, USA.Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. Hospital das Clínicas. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Faculdade de Medicina. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Dr. Cecilia Grierson Hospital. Infectious Diseases Unit. Buenos Aires, AR.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.National Institute of Health. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Maternal and Pediatric Infectious Disease Branch. Bethesda, MD, USA.National Institute of Health. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Maternal and Pediatric Infectious Disease Branch. Bethesda, MD, USA.Objectives: To evaluate the incidence of and risk factors for hypertensive disorders in a cohort of HIV-infected pregnant women. Methods: Hypertensive disorders (HD) including preeclampsia/eclampsia (PE/E) and pregnancy induced hypertension, and risk factors were evaluated in a cohort of HIV-infected pregnan