They lived on meat and milk: dairy and diet in Gaelic Scotland, fifteenth through eighteenth centuries, including a glossary of animal husbandry terms - Gaelic to English

The purpose of this thesis is to identify and define how and what food was produced in the Western Islands and Highlands of Scotland, especially from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries, and to test the hypothesis that the main dietary items were meat, milk and milk products in many areas of the Gaidhealtachd.This thesis examines the husbanding of animals that was critical to the Gael's livelihood. A dairy economy requires extensive skill with animals and knowledge of animal physiology and behaviour, as well as labour intensive skills for the manufacture of milk products. For many years before the 'improvers' came into the Scottish Highlands, a satisfactory living was obtained from utilising available resources from milk cows, beef and wild game such as deer, salmon, trout and upland game birds. These facts have been underplayed or neglected by many historians, largely because of linguistic difficulties and the scattered nature of the evidence. In order to address this situation and explain it, a scientific foundation has been established in the first two chapters. The third chapter looks at first hand accounts of travellers in the area and their observations regarding available food in a Highland society. It also touches upon certain political events that influenced changes in the daily regime of food production.Chapters four to fifteen provide linguistic analyses of the key word-families under such headings as 'The Milk Cow', 'Dairy Produce', 'Dairy Implements' etc. The sources for these chapters include a wide spectrum of Gaelic literary sources in the form of proverbs, songs, stories etc. This data is supplemented and controlled by data drawn from the principal Gaelic Dictionaries that have furnished animal husbandry words for a 1500 term Gaelic-English glossary which is included as an alphabetical listing within the body of the thesis. Fieldwork with native speakers from the Outer Isles, Skye and the mainland Gaidhealtachd has given a context for these terms, supplementing and complementing the contribution of Gaelic literature and lexicography

Purification and Properties of Triosephosphate Isomerase from Selected Chlorophyta

It is the purpose of this study to purify and investigate some of the properties of triosephosphate isomerase from two unicellular green algae 1 Ankistrodesmus Braunii and Scenedesmus acuminatus, and one filamentous green alga, Chara sp

Pulsed inductive plasma studies by spectroscopy and internal probe methods

The broad effort of the Missouri Plasmoid Experiment is to elucidate the energy conversion processes in a pulsed inductive discharge due to the presence of plasma. The test article is a 440 to 490 kHz theta-pinch (or solenoidal) geometry coil with a stored energy of around 80 joules. In this work experimental hydrogen, helium, argon and xenon data at back-fill pressures of 10 to 100 mTorr (1.3 to 133.3 Pa) are obtained and interpreted. Spectral and internal probe studies were performed on MPX Mk.I and Mk.II devices, respectively. IR spectra were acquired in the Mk.I device for argon and xenon. While triple probe studies on hydrogen, helium, argon, and xenon were performed in the Mk.II device. Time-resolved electron temperature estimates for argon and xenon during the discharge time frame of 0 to 23 μs are obtained post-process via line intensity ratio methods. Experimental intensity ratios are compared with those of steady-state corona and collisional-radiative model assumptions. Electron temperature estimates were highly model dependent with the steady-state corona model yielding temperatures of around 10 eV or less and the collisional-radiative model yielding up to 100 eV. Triple probe measurements provide both time- and radially-resolved electron temperature and density estimates for all four gases. Electron temperatures are seen to be limited to 20 eV on average with ionization fractions of up to 28%. In addition, probe currents show substantial evidence of a high charge density wave translating radially inward with speeds approximately given by the ion acoustic wave speed. Finally, energy analyses of the triple probe results are performed and compared against circuit modeling efforts made previously on the same test article. Peak energy in combined electron heating and ionization accounts for on average around 25% of total dissipated circuit energy due to plasma. With the exception of xenon in which 40 to 90% was accounted for. --Abstract, page iii

A comparative verification of forecasts from two operational solar wind models

The solar wind (SW) and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) have a significant influence on the near‐Earth space environment. In this study we evaluate and compare forecasts from two models that predict SW and IMF conditions: the Hakamada‐Akasofu‐Fry (HAF) version 2, operational at the Air Force Weather Agency, and Wang‐Sheeley‐Arge (WSA) version 1.6, executed routinely at the Space Weather Prediction Center. SW speed (Vsw) and IMF polarity (Bpol) forecasts at L1 were compared with Wind and Advanced Composition Explorer satellite observations. Verification statistics were computed by study year and forecast day. Results revealed that both models’ mean Vsw are slower than observed. The HAF slow bias increases with forecast duration. WSA had lower Vsw forecastobservation difference (F‐O) absolute means and standard deviations than HAF. HAF and WSA Vsw forecast standard deviations were less than observed. Vsw F‐O mean square skill rarely exceeds that of recurrence forecasts. Bpol is correctly predicted 65%–85% of the time in both models. Recurrence beats the models in Bpol skill in nearly every year forecast day category. Verification by “event” (flare events ≤5 days before forecast start) and “nonevent” (no flares) forecasts showed that most HAF Vsw bias growth, F‐O standard deviation decrease, and forecast standard deviation decrease were due to the event forecasts. Analysis of single time step Vsw increases of ≥20% in the nonevent forecasts indicated that both models predicted too many occurrences and missed many observed incidences. Neither model had skill above a random guess in predicting Vsw increase arrival time at L1

Development of a Convergent Spray Technologies(tm) Spray Process for a Solventless Sprayable Coating, MCC-1

This paper discusses the application of Convergent Spray Technologies (TM) Spray Process to the development and successful implementation of Marshall Convergent Coating (MCC-1) as a primary Thermal Protection System (TPS) for the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs). This paper discusses the environmental and process benefits of the MCC-1 technology, shows the systematic steps taken in developing the technology, including statistical sensitivity studies of about 35 variables. Based on the process and post-flight successes on the SRB, it will be seen that the technology is "field-proven". Application of this technology to other aerospace and commercial programs is summarized to illustrate the wide range of possibilities

Frequency response in short thermocouple wires

Theoretical expressions are derived for the steady state frequency response of a thermocouple wire. In particular, the effects of axial heat conduction are demonstrated for a nonuniform wire with unequal material properties and wire diameters across the junction. The amplitude ratio at low frequency omega approaches 0 agrees with the results of Scadron and Warshawsky (1952) for a steady state temperature distribution. Moreover, the frequency response for a nonuniform wire in the limit of infinite length l approaches infinity is shown to reduce to a simple expression that is analogous to the classic first order solution for a thermocouple wire with uniform properties. Theoretical expressions are also derived for the steady state frequency response of a supported thermocouple wire. In particular, the effects of axial heat conduction are demonstrated for both a supported one material wire and a two material wire with unequal material properties across the junction. For the case of a one material supported wire, an exact solution is derived which compares favorably with an approximate expression that only matches temperatures at the support junction. Moreover, for the case of a two material supported wire, an analytical expression is derived that closely correlates numerical results. Experimental measurements are made for the steady state frequency response of a supported thermocouple wire. In particular, the effects of axial heat conduction are demonstrated for both a supported one material wire (type K) and a two material wire (type T) with unequal material properties across the junction. The data for the amplitude ratio and phase angle are correlated to within 10 pct. with the theoretical predictions of Forney and Fralick (1991). This is accomplished by choosing a natural frequency omega sub n for the wire data to correlate the first order response at large gas temperature frequencies. It is found that a large bead size, however, will increase the amplitude ratio at low frequencies but decrease the natural frequency of the wire. The phase angle data are also distorted for imperfect junctions

The inhibition effect of phage display peptides on E. coli 0157:H7

Abstract only availableE. coli 0157: H7 strain is a strong food borne pathogen that lives in the cattle GI tract. It has been estimated that 76 million or more food borne illness occurs in the United States every year. In the last few years, massive amounts of beef were recalled because of E. coli 0157:H7. The focus of this study was to determine the minimal concentration of phage producing strains of E. coli to inhibit the pathogen E. coli 0157:H7. These strains were selected by Dr. C. J. Fu to bind to E. coli 0157: H7. This will guide us to determine the potential application of peptides carried on the phage in animal science and human health areas as replacements of antibiotics. We used a micro plate test to find out if the phage/peptide could inhibit E. coli 0157:H7 pathogen. The wells contained E. coli 0157:H7 and a phage- producing E. coli BluKan strain in varying ratios. We determine the minimum ratio of phage-producing E. coli that would inhibit E. coli 0157: H7 growth. We assayed the presence of the different strains by selective plating on antibiotics containing media. Both strains were resistant to Tetracycline; however, E. coli Blukan was also resistant to Kanamycine while E. coli 0157: H7 was also resistant to Nalidixic acid. We identified the selected peptides that inhibited E. coli 0157:H7 growth.NSF-REU Biology & Biochemistr

Ending Injustice: Solving the Initial Appearance Crisis

Most Americans expect that if they are arrested, they will quickly appear before a judge, learn about the charges, and have an attorney assigned to defend them. The reality is vastly different. After arrest, a person can wait in jail for days, weeks, or even months before seeing a judge or meeting an attorney. This report chronicles the resulting initial appearance crisis and highlights its devastating consequences. More importantly, it provides policymakers and advocates with actionable recommendations.https://scholar.smu.edu/deasoncenter/1002/thumbnail.jp

Complete Genomes of Symbiotic Cyanobacteria Clarify the Evolution of Vanadium-Nitrogenase.

Plant endosymbiosis with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria has independently evolved in diverse plant lineages, offering a unique window to study the evolution and genetics of plant-microbe interaction. However, very few complete genomes exist for plant cyanobionts, and therefore little is known about their genomic and functional diversity. Here, we present four complete genomes of cyanobacteria isolated from bryophytes. Nanopore long-read sequencing allowed us to obtain circular contigs for all the main chromosomes and most of the plasmids. We found that despite having a low 16S rRNA sequence divergence, the four isolates exhibit considerable genome reorganizations and variation in gene content. Furthermore, three of the four isolates possess genes encoding vanadium (V)-nitrogenase (vnf), which is uncommon among diazotrophs and has not been previously reported in plant cyanobionts. In two cases, the vnf genes were found on plasmids, implying possible plasmid-mediated horizontal gene transfers. Comparative genomic analysis of vnf-containing cyanobacteria further identified a conserved gene cluster. Many genes in this cluster have not been functionally characterized and would be promising candidates for future studies to elucidate V-nitrogenase function and regulation