Património das águas de Angra

Dissertação de Mestrado em Estudos do Património apresentada à Universidade AbertaQuer pela sua riqueza e diversidade, quer pelo perigo de desaparecimento, em que boa parte do património das águas de Angra se encontra, torna-se urgente estudá-lo, referenciá-lo e, principalmente, preservá-lo. Conhecer é mais do que saber que existe. Este trabalho representa um esforço para criar uma ferramenta que, de um modo concertado, ajude à gestão desse património de valor cultural inestimável. Este trabalho está estruturado em três partes. Na primeira, pela pesquisa e tratamento das diversas fontes de informação, organizámos uma síntese histórica da evolução dos sistemas de captação, condução e abastecimento de água em Angra, bem como da sua administração. Na segunda, apresentamos a inventariação — descrição e distribuição —, o mais exaustiva possível, das estruturas relacionadas com o património vernáculo património das águas das cinco freguesias urbanas de Angra do Heroísmo, sejam públicas ou privadas, religiosas ou civis, danificadas ou intatas. Na terceira, e última, apresentamos um conjunto de propostas e estratégias que podem, e devem, ser observadas para a proteção, salvaguarda e valorização deste património, assim como alguns casos de boas práticas a respeitar. Julgamos ter criado um importante instrumento que permite efetuar pesquisas de natureza quantitativa e qualitativa, fundamentais para delinear estratégias de intervenção, definir planos de manutenção preventiva, de salvaguarda e valorização deste património.Whether for its richness and diversity, whether due to the danger of disappearance, in which much of the waters heritage of Angra lies, it is urgent to study it, reference it, and especially to preserve it. Knowing is more than just be aware of its existence. This paper represents an effort to create a tool that, in a rightly manner, help the management of this priceless heritage cultural value. The present paper is structured in three different parts. In the first part, based on the research and treatment of various sources of information, we’ve organized an historical synthesis of the evolution of the collection, conduction and water supply systems of Angra, as well as its management. In the second part, we present the inventory — description and distribution —, as exhaustive as possible, of the structures related to the vernacular water heritage of the five urban parishes of Angra do Heroísmo, whether public or private, religious or civil, damaged or intact. In the third and final part, we present a set of proposals and strategies that can, and should, be observed for the protection, conservation and enhancement of this heritage, as well as examples of good practices to be followed. We believe we have created an important tool to perform quantitative and qualitative research, fundamental to outline key intervention strategies, and to define preventive, maintenance, safeguarding and enhancement plans, of this heritage

Prevenção de translocação bacteriana com β-(1-3)-D-glucana em isquemia e reperfusão intestinal em ratos

To investigate the role of β-(1-3)-D-glucan on 99mTc labelled Escherichia coli translocation and cytokines secretion in rats submitted to small bowel ischemia/reperfusion injury. Methods: Five groups (n=10 each) of Wistar rats were subjected to control(C), sham(S), group IR subjected to 45 min of bowel ischemia/60 min of reperfusion(I/R), and group I/R+glucan subjected to 45 min of bowel ischemia/60 min of reperfusion(I/R) and injected with 2mg/Kg intramuscular. Translocation of labelled bacteria to mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lung and serum was determined using radioactivity/count and colony forming units/g(CFU/g). Serum TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 were measured by ELISA. Results: CFU/g and radioactivity/count were higher in I/R than in I/R+glucan rats. In C, S and S+glucan groups, bacteria and radioactivity/count were rarely detected. The I/R+glucan rats had enhancement of IL-10 and suppressed production of serum TNFα, IL-1β and, IL-6, compared to I/R untreated animals. Conclusion: The β-(1-3)-D-glucan modulated the production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines during bowel ischemia/reperfusion, and attenuated translocation of labelled bacteriaCNP

Prevention of bacterial translocation using beta-(1-3)-D-glucan in small bowel ischemia and reperfusion in rats<A NAME="volta1"></A> Prevenção de translocação bacteriana com beta-(1-3)-D-glucana em isquemia e reperfusão intestinal em ratos

PURPOSE: To investigate the role of beta-(1-3)-D-glucan on 99mTc labelled Escherichia coli translocation and cytokines secretion in rats submitted to small bowel ischemia/reperfusion injury. METHODS: Five groups (n=10 each) of Wistar rats were subjected to control(C), sham(S), group IR subjected to 45 min of bowel ischemia/60 min of reperfusion(I/R), and group I/R+glucan subjected to 45 min of bowel ischemia/60 min of reperfusion(I/R) and injected with 2mg/Kg intramuscular. Translocation of labelled bacteria to mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lung and serum was determined using radioactivity/count and colony forming units/g(CFU/g). Serum TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10 were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: CFU/g and radioactivity/count were higher in I/R than in I/R+glucan rats. In C, S and S+glucan groups, bacteria and radioactivity/count were rarely detected. The I/R+glucan rats had enhancement of IL-10 and suppressed production of serum TNFalpha, IL-1beta and, IL-6, compared to I/R untreated animals. CONCLUSION: The beta-(1-3)-D-glucan modulated the production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines during bowel ischemia/reperfusion, and attenuated translocation of labelled bacteria.<br>OBJETIVO: Investigar o papel da beta-(1-3)-D-glucana na translocação de Escherichia coli marcada com 99mTc e na secreção de citocinas em ratos submetidos a isquemia e reperfusão intestinal. MÉTODOS: Cinco grupos (n=10 cada) de ratos Wistar foram denominados controle (C), sham (S), grupo IR submetido a 45 minutos de isquemia do intestino delgado e 60 minutos de reperfusão(I/R), grupo I/R+glucana com 45 minutos de isquemia e 60 minutos de reperfusão(I/R) e tratados com glucana 2mg/Kg intramuscular. Translocação de Escherichia coli marcada com 99mTc, para Linfonodos mesentéricos, fígado, baço, pulmão e soro foi avaliada usando contagem de radioatividade e de unidades formadoras de colônias/g (UFC/g) Dosagem sérica de TNFalfa, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10 foi realizada pelo método ELISA. RESULTADOS: CFU/g e contagem de radioatividade foi significantemente maior nos ratos do grupo I/R do que no grupo I/R+glucana. Nos grupos C, S e S+glucana bactérias e contagem radioativa foram raramente detectadas. Os ratos do grupo I/R+glucana tiveram aumento de IL-10 sérica e significante redução da expressão de TNFalfa, IL-1beta e IL-6, quando comparados com os animais não tratados do grupo I/R. CONCLUSÃO: A beta-(1-3)-D-glucana modulou a produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e anti-inflamatórias durante a isquemia/reperfusão intestinal e contribuiu para reduzir a translocação de bactérias marcadas

Total gastrectomy with substitution of stomach by jejunal pouch with and without duodenal passage: study in rats

PURPOSE: A comparison was done between the F. Paulino jejunal pouch (FP) and a jejunal pouch (JP) as esophagus-duodenum interpositional graft, for replacing the stomach after total gastrectomy. It was investigated the effect of the two procedures on esophagus histology, nutritional state and serum gastrin in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats weighing 282&plusmn;17g were randomly submitted to sham operation (S), FP and JP after total gastrectomy. After eight weeks the rats were killed with overdose of anesthetic and tissue was taken from the distal esophagus for histology. Serum levels of total proteins, albumin, iron, transferring, folate, cobalamine, calcium, as well as serum gastrin were determined. Survival was considered. RESULTS: Fourty six rats were operated and thirty survived for eight weeks. Five (33.3%) died after FP and 11 (52.3%) after JP (p<0.05). Postoperative esophagitis occurred in 6 JP rats. At 8th week, no difference was observed on body weight when compared FP and JP rats (p>0.05). The JP rats had a significant decrease in serum albumin, glucose, transferrin, iron, folate and calcium, compared to sham (p<0.05). Serum gastrin, iron and calcium were significantly higher in JP rats than in FP rats (p<0.05). In FP rats, transferrin and cobalamine showed significant decrease comparing the preoperative with 8th week levels (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: F. Paulino pouch in rats had lower mortality than JP, and esophagitis was not detected in it. JP rats had serum gastrin, iron and calcium unaffected, possibly because of preservation of duodenal passage

Total gastrectomy with substitution of stomach by jejunal pouch with and without duodenal passage: study in rats Gastrectomy total com substituição do estômago por bolsa jejunal com e sem passagem do alimento pelo duodeno: estudo em ratos

PURPOSE: A comparison was done between the F. Paulino jejunal pouch (FP) and a jejunal pouch (JP) as esophagus-duodenum interpositional graft, for replacing the stomach after total gastrectomy. It was investigated the effect of the two procedures on esophagus histology, nutritional state and serum gastrin in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats weighing 282&plusmn;17g were randomly submitted to sham operation (S), FP and JP after total gastrectomy. After eight weeks the rats were killed with overdose of anesthetic and tissue was taken from the distal esophagus for histology. Serum levels of total proteins, albumin, iron, transferring, folate, cobalamine, calcium, as well as serum gastrin were determined. Survival was considered. RESULTS: Fourty six rats were operated and thirty survived for eight weeks. Five (33.3%) died after FP and 11 (52.3%) after JP (p<0.05). Postoperative esophagitis occurred in 6 JP rats. At 8th week, no difference was observed on body weight when compared FP and JP rats (p>0.05). The JP rats had a significant decrease in serum albumin, glucose, transferrin, iron, folate and calcium, compared to sham (p<0.05). Serum gastrin, iron and calcium were significantly higher in JP rats than in FP rats (p<0.05). In FP rats, transferrin and cobalamine showed significant decrease comparing the preoperative with 8th week levels (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: F. Paulino pouch in rats had lower mortality than JP, and esophagitis was not detected in it. JP rats had serum gastrin, iron and calcium unaffected, possibly because of preservation of duodenal passage.<br>OBJETIVO: Estudo comparativo foi realizado entre a bolsa jejunal de Fernando Paulino (FP) e uma bolsa jejunal (JP) interposta entre o esôfago e duodeno, para substituir o estômago após gastrectomia . Foi investigado o efeito dos dois procedimentos na histologia do esôfago, estado nutricional e gastrinemia sérica em ratos. MÉTODOS: Quarenta e seis ratos Wistar pesando 282&plusmn;17g foram aleatoriamente submetidos a sham operation (S), FP e JP após gastectomia total. Decorridas 8 semanas, foi colhido sangue por punção cardíaca para dosagem de proteínas totais, albumina, ferro, transferrina, folato, cobalamina, calcio, e gastrina. Os animais receberam dose letal de anestésico e tecido do esôfago terminal foi retirado para histologia. Foi observada a mortalidade operatória dos animais. RESULTADOS: Quarenta e seis ratos foram operados e 30 sobreviveram por 8 semanas. Cinco (33,3 %) morreram após FP e 11 (52,3%) após JP (p<0.05). Esophagitis pós-operatória ocorreu em 6 ratos JP. Na 8ª semana o peso corporal foi maior nosratos submetidos a FP do que JP (p>0.05). Os ratos submetidos a JP tiveram uma diminuição significativa na albumina, glucose, transferrina, ferro, folato e cálcio, comparado com o sham (p<0.05). Os níveis de gastrina sérica, ferro e calcio mostraram-se significantemente maiores nos ratos submetidos a JP do que nos FP (p<0.05). Nos ratos FP a transferrina e a cobalamina estiveram significantemente diminuídas comparando-se os níveis do pré-operatório com a 8ª semana (p<0.05). CONCLUSÃO: A bolsa jejunal de F. Paulino, em ratos, resultou em mortalidade operatória e incidência de esofagite de refluxo menor do que a interposição de JP. A JP não afetou a dosagem sérica de gastrina, ferro e cálcio, provavelmente devido à preservação da passagem dos alimentos pelo duodeno