Variabilité spatio-temporelle des apports liquide et solide en zone semi-aride. Cas du bassin versant de l'oued Mina (nord-ouest algérien)

Les zones méditerranéennes et semi - arides sont caractérisées par des régimes pluviométriques irréguliers dans le temps et dans l'espace. L'érosion hydrique des bassins versants et la sédimentation des cours d'eau constituent des phénomènes complexes très répandus qui posent de nombreux problèmes aux ingénieurs chargés des projets de mise en valeur. En raison de son ampleur, cette érosion constitue une contrainte majeure au développement de l'agriculture et à la promotion des activités rurales en Algérie. Une approche statistique de quantification des apports solides est développée dans cette étude. Les données utilisées sont recueillies au niveau de cinq sous-bassins du bassin versant de l'Oued Mina drainés par les stations hydrométriques, en amont du barrage de Sidi M'hamed Ben Aouda. La période d'observation s'étale sur 22 ans (1973 à 1995). Il existe une grande variabilité inter-annuelle et intrannuelle des apports liquides et solides. En plus de cette variation temporelle, il a été remarqué une variabilité spatiale des apports solides et liquides.Les valeurs maximales du transport solide sont enregistrées au début d'automne et à la fin du printemps. Le transport solide d'automne reste le plus élevé, dépassant significativement les autres saisons. Cette variabilité trouve son explication dans la pauvreté du couvert végétal durant cette saison et la nature agressive des pluies d'automne. La charge spécifique du bassin versant de l'oued Haddad est de l'ordre de 212 t/km2/an. Le bassin versant de l'oued Taht a une charge spécifique inférieure à celle du bassin de l'oued Haddad (Ds=191 t/km2/an). Les bassins versants de l'oued el Abd présentent des charges spécifiques de l'ordre de 117 t/km2/an à Ain El Hamara et de 65 t/km2/an à Takhmaret. La charge spécifique de l'oued Mina au barrage de Sidi M'hamed Ben Aouda est de 160 t/km2/an.Des modèles mathématiques liant l'apport solide au coefficient d'écoulement ont été proposés pour les cinq sous-bassins drainés par les stations hydrométriques.Mediterranean and semi - arid zones are characterized by an aggressive climate and by irregular and violent rainfall events. Water-induced erosion in river basins and river sedimentation constitute a complex phenomenon, which poses many problems for the engineers responsible for development projects. This phenomenon constitutes a major constraint limiting agricultural development in Algeria. We propose a statistical approach to quantify the solid yield at different gauging sites.The data were collected at five sites in the Oued Mina basin (upstream of the Sidi Me hamed Ben Aouda dam). The observation period covered 22 years, from 1973 to 1995. The results showed a high inter-annual and annual variability of the liquid discharge and solid yields; the coefficient of variation exceeded 60% in all cases. In addition to this temporal variation, we noted a variability of the solid yields and liquid discharge among the different sites. Analysis of the monthly solid yields shows that the autumn season contributes a large proportion of the annual solid yield (more than 40%) for the different basins. Tranport of solids in the Oued Mina and its effluents is highly variable in space and time. This variability is due primarily to the pluviometric regime, the vegetation cover and the lithology. In general, the seasonal variations of the solid contributions follow those of the liquid flow. The maximum values of the solid discharges, for all basins, are observed at the beginning of autumn and the end of spring. Generally, the monthly minimal solid yields are recorded in summer. This season is characterized by low rainfall and consequently a weak surface flow. However, the minimal solid yields do not necessarily correspond to the month characterized by the lowest liquid discharge. The autumn contributes 31% to the annual liquid flow and 51% to the annual solid yields of the Oued Mina area at Wadi El Abtal station; corresponding values are (26 %, 33 %), (33%, 53 %), (29%, 46%) and (36%, 48 %) at the stations of Sidi A.E.K Djillali, Ain Hamara, Kef Mehboula and Takhmaret, respectively. The autumn solid transport remains highest, significantly exceeding the other seasons. This variability is explained by the variation in vegetation cover (bare ground) during the year and the aggressive nature of the autumn rains. Because of these two factors, the first autumn flood transports considerable quantities of sediments after a long dry season characterized by high temperatures and destruction of the soil aggregates by these temperatures. The energy produced by the first rains and the low degree of vegetative cover rate in this season also contribute to this increase in autumn. The Oued Haddad basin presents a high specific degradation compared to the other basins (Ds=212 t/km2/an). This impoverishment of the soil is very visible at this site. It is due to factors favouring erosion : steep topography and discontinuous vegetative cover, which protects the ground poorly. The Oued That basin, which has a topography favouring surface flow and abundant rains, has a specific degradation lower than the Oued Haddad basin (Ds=191 t/km2/an). The basins of Oued El Abd present a specific degradation about 117 t/km2/an at Ain El Hamara station and about 65 t/km2/an at Takhmaret station. The Oued Mina at Sidi M'hamed Ben Aouda dam gives a specific degradation about 396 t/km2/an.The runoff coefficient explains a large part of the variance of the solid yield (more than 60%). This coefficient depends intrinsically on lithology, geology, vegetative cover, topography and the hydrological and pluviometric regimes. By the introduction of this parameter, we sought to explain solid transport by the explanatory variables of this phenomenon. The result was very encouraging, considering the percentage of the explained variance (more than 60%). Following this analysis, mathematical models are proposed, connecting the solid yield to the runoff coefficient. The determinations coefficients are equal to : 0.79; 0.61; 0.64; 0.78; 0.65 for the stations of oued Al Abtal, Sidi Abdelkader Djillali, Ain Hamara, Kef Mehboula and Takhmaret, respectively

Beam test results of the irradiated Silicon Drift Detector for ALICE

The Silicon Drift Detectors will equip two of the six cylindrical layers of high precision position sensitive detectors in the ITS of the ALICE experiment at LHC. In this paper we report the beam test results of a SDD irradiated with 1 GeV electrons. The aim of this test was to verify the radiation tolerance of the device under an electron fluence equivalent to twice particle fluence expected during 10 years of ALICE operation.Comment: 6 pages,6 figures, to appear in the proceedings of International Workshop In high Multiplicity Environments (TIME'05), 3-7 October 2005, Zurich,Switzerlan

Dark matter search in a Beam-Dump eXperiment (BDX) at Jefferson Lab

MeV-GeV dark matter (DM) is theoretically well motivated but remarkably unexplored. This Letter of Intent presents the MeV-GeV DM discovery potential for a 1 m$^3$ segmented plastic scintillator detector placed downstream of the beam-dump at one of the high intensity JLab experimental Halls, receiving up to 10$^{22}$ electrons-on-target (EOT) in a one-year period. This experiment (Beam-Dump eXperiment or BDX) is sensitive to DM-nucleon elastic scattering at the level of a thousand counts per year, with very low threshold recoil energies ($\sim$1 MeV), and limited only by reducible cosmogenic backgrounds. Sensitivity to DM-electron elastic scattering and/or inelastic DM would be below 10 counts per year after requiring all electromagnetic showers in the detector to exceed a few-hundred MeV, which dramatically reduces or altogether eliminates all backgrounds. Detailed Monte Carlo simulations are in progress to finalize the detector design and experimental set up. An existing 0.036 m$^3$ prototype based on the same technology will be used to validate simulations with background rate estimates, driving the necessary R$\&$D towards an optimized detector. The final detector design and experimental set up will be presented in a full proposal to be submitted to the next JLab PAC. A fully realized experiment would be sensitive to large regions of DM parameter space, exceeding the discovery potential of existing and planned experiments by two orders of magnitude in the MeV-GeV DM mass range.Comment: 28 pages, 17 figures, submitted to JLab PAC 4

Centrality dependence of the expansion dynamics in Pb-Pb collisions at 158 A GeV/c

Two-particle correlation functions of negatively charged hadrons from Pb-Pb collisions at 158 GeV/c per nucleon have been measured by the WA97 experiment at the CERN SPS. A Coulomb correction procedure that assumes an expanding source has been implemented. Within the framework of an expanding thermalized source model the size and dynamical state of the collision fireball at freeze-out have been reconstructed as a function of the centrality of the collision. Less central collisions exhibit a different dynamics than central ones: both transverse and longitudinal expansion velocities are slower, the expansion duration is shorter and the system freezes out showing smaller dimensions and higher temperature.Comment: 22 pages, 11 figures, Te

New results from the NA57 experiment

We report results from the experiment NA57 at CERN SPS on hyperon production at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at 158 $A$ GeV/$c$ and 40 $A$ GeV/$c$. $\Lambda$, $\Xi$ and $\Omega$ yields are compared with those from the STAR experiment at the higher energy of the BNL RHIC. $\Lambda$, $\Xi$, $\Omega$\ and preliminary $K_S^0$ transverse mass spectra are presented and interpreted within the framework of a hydro-dynamical blast wave model.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, contribution to the proceedings of The XXXVIIIth Rencontres de Moriond "QCD and High Energy Hadronic Interactions

Expansion dynamics of Pb-Pb collisions at 40 A GeV/c viewed by negatively charged hadrons

In this paper we present results on transverse mass spectra and Hanbury-Brown and Twiss correlation functions of negatively charged hadrons, which are expected to be mostly negative pions, measured in Pb-Pb collisions at 40 A GeV/c beam momentum. Based on these data, the collision dynamics and the space-time extent of the system at the thermal freeze-out are studied over a centrality range corresponding to the most central 53% of the Pb--Pb inelastic cross section. Comparisons with freeze-out conditions of strange particles and HBT results from other experiments are discussed.Comment: 29 pages, 18 figure