The blockage ratio effect to the spray performances

Nozzle sprays are used in wide range of application. The used of nozzle application is depend on the spray characteristics, by which to suit the particular application. This project studies the effect of the air blockage ratio to the spray characteristics. This research conducted into two part which are experimental and simulation section. The experimental was conducted by using particle image velocimetry (PIV) method, and ANSYS software was used as tools for simulation section. There are two nozzles were tested at 1 bar pressure of water and air. Nozzle A (with blockage ratio 0.316) and nozzle B (blockage ratio 1.000). Both of the sprays performances generated by the nozzles was examined at 9 cm vertical line from 8 cm of the nozzle orifice. The validation result provided in the detailed analysis shows that the trend of graph velocity versus distance gives the good agreement within simulation and experiment. From result, nozzle A generated a wider spray angle and higher water droplet velocity which are 31.41 degree and 37.317 m/s compared to nozzle B which has produced 27.13 degree of spray penetration angle and 16.49 m/s water droplet velocity. As a conclusion, blockage ratio has affected the spray system by increasing the velocity of air inside the spray system. This is happened at a condition of 1 bar air pressure

The blockage ratio effect to the spray performances

Nozzle sprays are used in wide range of application. The used of nozzle application is depend on the spray characteristics, by which to suit the particular application. This project studies the effect of the air blockage ratio to the spray characteristics. This research conducted into two part which are experimental and simulation section. The experimental was conducted by using particle image velocimetry (PIV) method, and ANSYS software was used as tools for simulation section. There are two nozzles were tested at 1 bar pressure of water and air. Nozzle A (with blockage ratio 0.316) and nozzle B (blockage ratio 1.000). Both of the sprays performances generated by the nozzles was examined at 9 cm vertical line from 8 cm of the nozzle orifice. The validation result provided in the detailed analysis shows that the trend of graph velocity versus distance gives the good agreement within simulation and experiment. From result, nozzle A generated a wider spray angle and higher water droplet velocity which are 31.41 degree and 37.317 m/s compared to nozzle B which has produced 27.13 degree of spray penetration angle and 16.49 m/s water droplet velocity. As a conclusion, blockage ratio has affected the spray system by increasing the velocity of air inside the spray system. This is happened at a condition of 1 bar air pressure

Wave runup and overtopping on smooth-slope NEXC block

Constant wave runup and overtopping during monsoon coupled with storm-surge events have poses threat to the coastal's community in flooding and land loss. The study was to further the research on the wave interaction issue using the modified NAHRIM Coastal Protection and Expansion (NEXC) block. The aim was to determine the significant relationship prediction model from the experiment variables due to water level changes. The study was conducted in 30 m long, 2 m height, and 1.5 m width of wave flume using gamma 3.30 of wave height JONSWAP spectrum under 1:15 and 1:8 mobile bed scenarios. Parameters were downscaled to 1:10 and based on Peninsular Malaysia's east coast hydrodynamics conditions. 36 different test scenarios were simulated every 20 minutes with three repetitions, enables 108 samples to be retrieved. Using statistical tools, correlation tests between the variables in the experiment results indicates wave runup, significant wave height and overtopping discharges are strongly correlated to the bed gradient and smooth-slope NEXC block. Changes in water level from shallow to deep, mild to steep mobile bed gradient with 30 to 60 block affect the relationship Hs-q decrease while Ru2%-q positively increase. Overtopping was not directly affected by water level but positively affected on wave runup and negatively to significant wave height. The fitted relationship design model using a General Full Factorial method was verified with 0.338069 of standard error and 98.12 % of R-square. Finally, the significant relationship predictive model was obtained to have 26 interaction terms in the model successful

A new three-term conjugate gradient method with application to regression analysis

Conjugate gradient (CG) method is well-known for its ability to solve unconstrained optimization (UO) problem. This article presents a new CG method with sufficient descent condition that improves the Rivaie, Mustafa, Ismail and Leong (RMIL) method. The proposed method’s efficacy has been demonstrated through simulations on the Kijang Emas pricing regression problem. The daily data is obtained from Malaysian Ministry of Health and Bank Negara Malaysia between January 2021 and May 2021. The dependent variable for this study is the Kijang Emas price, and the independent variables are the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) measures (i.e., new cases, R-naught, death cases, new recovered). Data collected are analyzed on its correlation and coefficient determinant, and the influence of the COVID-19 on the Kijang Emas price is examined through the multiple linear regression model. The findings reveal that the suggested technique outperforms existing CG algorithms in terms of computing efficiency

Determination of Cover and Land Management Factors for Soil Loss Prediction in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia

Many new agricultural activities resulted in severe soil erosion across the Cameron Highlands’ land surface. Therefore, this study determines the cover (C) and land management (P) factors of the USLE for predicting soil loss risk in Cameron Highlands using a Geographic Information System (GIS). For this study, data from the Department of Agriculture Malaysia (DOAM) and the Department of Town and Country Planning Malaysia (PLANMalaysia) were used to generate several C&P factors in the Cameron Highlands. Data from both agencies have resulted in C factors with 0.01 to 1.00 and P factors with 0.30 to 0.49. Due to the cover and land management factor varies depending on the data collected by the various agencies, this study used the two data sets to come up with a C&P factor that accurately reflected both agricultural and urban growth effects. RKLS factors of USLE were obtained from the DOAM with values R (2375–2875), K (0.005), LS (2.5–25), respectively. The Cameron Highlands’ soil loss risk with these new C&P values resulted in a soil loss of 6.72 per cent (4547.22 hectares) from high to critical, with a percentage difference range of −0.77 to +3.37 under both agencies, respectively

Determination of Cover and Land Management Factors for Soil Loss Prediction in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia

Many new agricultural activities resulted in severe soil erosion across the Cameron Highlands’ land surface. Therefore, this study determines the cover (C) and land management (P) factors of the USLE for predicting soil loss risk in Cameron Highlands using a Geographic Information System (GIS). For this study, data from the Department of Agriculture Malaysia (DOAM) and the Department of Town and Country Planning Malaysia (PLANMalaysia) were used to generate several C&P factors in the Cameron Highlands. Data from both agencies have resulted in C factors with 0.01 to 1.00 and P factors with 0.30 to 0.49. Due to the cover and land management factor varies depending on the data collected by the various agencies, this study used the two data sets to come up with a C&P factor that accurately reflected both agricultural and urban growth effects. RKLS factors of USLE were obtained from the DOAM with values R (2375–2875), K (0.005), LS (2.5–25), respectively. The Cameron Highlands’ soil loss risk with these new C&P values resulted in a soil loss of 6.72 per cent (4547.22 hectares) from high to critical, with a percentage difference range of −0.77 to +3.37 under both agencies, respectively

Study on The Ageing Performance on Kenaf Insulating Presspaper with Natural Ester

This study aims to evaluate the ageing performance of Kraft and Kenaf insulation press-paper in Natural Ester (NE), which could be applied in a power transformer. Kenaf fiber was produced by Kraft pulping process is considered as potential insulation press-paper due to higher cellulose. Due to environmental concerns, NE uses have been considered an alternative to mineral oil. In this experiment, an accelerated ageing test was carried out with transformer insulation press-paper. Kraft and Kenaf press-paper were impregnated in NE with a copper strip of 90℃ and 140℃ for 10,20 30 days. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) result showed that O-H's absorption intensity decreased, while C-H, C=O, and C-O bond increased with the ageing time. The viscosity measurements have been used to compare the stability of aged NE with Kraft and Kenaf press-paper at different ageing time. It is found that the viscosity results showed aged NE with Kraft press-paper is higher than Kenaf presspaper as the duration of ageing increase

Laboratory efficacy of rhamnolipid produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa USM-AR2 as biopesticide against bagworm, Metisa plana walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae)

The bagworm, Metisa plana Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) is one of the major pests causes defoliation of oil palm leaves, resulting in severe yield loss of oil palm production. In this study, rhamnolipid, a biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa USM-AR2, was tested for its effectiveness in causing mortality of bagworms. A total of 13 treatments were tested, namely mixtures of different doses of rhamnolipid and neem oil as well as cypermethrin, as chemical insecticides that are commonly used in oil palm plantations, to control bagworms. The results showed that the mixture of 200 ppm rhamnolipid and 30000 ppm neem oil, and a single treatment of 30000 ppm neem oil recorded 83.33% mortality at five days after treatment (DAT). The chemical insecticide treatment by cypermethrin recorded 100% mortality at 2 DAT. The lowest efficacy was observed on the mixture of 100 ppm rhamnolipid and 10000 ppm neem oil, producing 50% at 5 DAT and 73.33% of mortality at the end of the observation. Probit analyses showed that the LT50 score for single treatment of rhamnolipid of 100ppm and 200ppm were 5.22 DAT and 4.61 DAT. Meanwhile, the LT90 scores for 100ppm and 200ppm rhamnolipid were 13.08 DAT and 11.07 DAT respectively

Post-Impact Disaster Surveillance - A Medical Reconnaissance Team at Tsunami-Struck Sri Lanka

Emergency Medicine and Disaster Medicine are two specialties which are similar in the multidisciplinary involvement during the acute phase of the disaster. Recently, there was an increase in the number of disasters in the world but not many physicians are familiar with the principles for dealing with such situations, the unique organizational demands, coordination and the urgent need for medical assistance and relief. This case report delineates our experiences at a tsunami disaster area and the approach to setting up a medical relief team in the affected area. A medical reconnaissance team comprising of an emergency doctor from Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (H.U.S.M) and two MERCY Malaysia members was assembled. The team flew to Colombo on day 5 after the tsunami with medical supplies and related materials. The mission started from December 31st 2004 until January 8th 2005. Our surveillance area covered the Southern and Eastern Province with a total distance of 1700 km along the coast. The strategies employed during this medical reconnaissance included risk analysis, devising a resources matrix, developing lines of communication and rapport with other relief teams, Sri Lankan government agencies, and local and international non-government organizations. As a result, our team was able to set up a medical relief camp and distribute the relief items to the tsunami victims. In conclusion, the Disaster Emergency Medical Assistant Team (DEMAT) from H.U.S.M and MERCY Malaysia were able to set up and provide medical relief with our limited resources to a large scale disaster situation