Mitigation technique for rain fade using frequency diversity method

The radio waves propagating through the earth atmosphere is particles, such as water vapor, water drops and the ice particles. The atmospheric gases and rain both absorb and scatter the radio waves, and consequently degrade the performance of the microwave link. Millimeter wave (mmWave) is today's breakthrough frontier for emerging wireless mobile cellular networks, wireless local area networks, personal area networks, and vehicular communications. In the near future, mmWave products, systems, theories, and devices will come together to deliver mobile data rates thousands of times faster than today's existing cellular and WiFi networks for an example from the era of 3G towards 5G mobile communication near future.. However for Tropical countries the data link realibility is effected during rain. Rain is a major source of attenuation for microwave propagation above 7 GHz [1]. In tropical and equatorial regions, the rain intensity is higher and designing terrestrial and earth-to-satellite microwave links are very critical and challenging for high frequencies. This paper presents the summary of rain effects studies for lower operating frequency such as C band compare to higher operating frequency such as Ka band in tropical environment. The main objective is to justify the literature findings on the effect of rain at lower and higher operating frequency in microwave link and solution to overcome it by implementing Switching Circuit as Fade Mitigation Technique (FMT). An experimental test bed has been set up for 5.8 GHz and 26 GHz terrestrial point to point data communication link. The received signal strength (RSS) data and rain fall intensity data were recorded for 24 hours daily over period of 12 months (Jan 2013 – Dec 2013) at 1 minute interval. The collected rain rate data has been analyzed with some prediction models. The main outcome of the research shows that there is negligible effect of rain for 5.8 GHz link whereas it very strong on the 26 GHz link. It was observed 15 dB to 35 dB attenuation during measurement period. The FMT used in this research for dual frequency by shifting the operating frequency to lower band (5.8 GHz) while heavy rain and shifting back to normal position at higher operating frequency (26 GHz) using the threshold level as reference seems to be one of the solution in future. This findings will be useful resources of information for researchers or telecommunication engineers

Comparative study of resin sealant and resin modified glass ionomer as pit and fissure sealant

The purpose of the present study was to compare the marginal integrity of resin modified glass ionomer cement with that of resin sealant, in vitro. Forty artificial pit and fissure cavities were prepared in occlusal surface of extracted premolar teeth by using ¼ round carbide bur. Cavities were condensed with artificial organic debris followed by cleaning with prophylaxis pumice brush and paste and then separated into two treatment groups. In Group A, 15 fissure cavities were sealed by resin sealant and in Group B, 15 fissure cavities were sealed by resin modified glass ionomer sealant. These specimens were subjected to thermo-cycling followed by dye penetration test. The remaining 5 cavities from each group were analyzed for debris score by the SEM. The results of the microleakage test showed that the efficacy of preventing microleakage of samples sealed by resin modified glass ionomer sealant was higher than the samples sealed by resin sealant. However, no significant differences were found. It can be concluded that use of resin modified glass ionomer sealant is a good alternative for sealing pits and fissures

A study in the admissibility of digital evidence in the Malaysian courts / Md. Shazli Munip Abdul Malek…[et al.]

This research was done to fulfil one of the requirements of the Bachelor of Legal Studies program. The research examines the issue of admissibility of digital evidence in Malaysian courts. The issue of authenticity of evidence is not new; however the nature of digital evidence makes it easier for it to be manipulated, altered and tempered. Thus, it is important to determine whether the current laws in Malaysia are sufficient to safeguard evidence in digital forms from being tempered. Two critical issues were discussed in this research. The first issue was whether digital evidence can be considered as evidence in Malaysian courts. The second issue was whether digital forms of evidence are admissible as documentary evidence. To shed some light on the issues concerned, the research had focused on the definition of evidence under the Malaysian Evidence Act and the rules governing the admissibility of documentary evidence. To understand the issue of admissibility of documentary evidence reference were made to Malaysian authors. The research has also examines the position taken by other common law countries such as the United States, Australia, United Kingdom and India on the issue. After examining the problems surrounding admissibility of digital evidence, some recommendations were suggested at the end of this research

Combining Ability of Pod Yield and Related Traits of Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea

A study was performed using 6×6 F1 diallel population without reciprocals to assess the mode of inheritance of pod yield and related traits in groundnut with imposed salinity stress. Heterosis was found for pod number and yield. Data on general and specific combining ability (gca and sca) indicated additive and nonadditive gene actions. The gca: sca ratios were much less than unity suggesting predominant role of nonadditive gene effects. Cultivars “Binachinabadam-2” and “Dacca-1” and mutant M6/25/64-82 had the highest, second highest, and third highest pod number, as well as gca values, respectively. These two cultivars and another mutant M6/15/70-19 also had the highest, second highest, and third highest pod yield, as well as gca values, respectively. Therefore, “Dacca-1”, “Binachinabadam-2”, M6/25/64-82, and M6/15/70-19 could be used as source of salinity tolerance. Cross combinations showing high sca effects arising from parents with high and low gca values for any trait indicate the influence of nonadditive genes on their expression. Parents of these crosses can be used for biparental mating or reciprocal recurrent selection for developing high yielding varieties. Crosses with high sca effects having both parents with good gca effects could be exploited by pedigree breeding to get transgressive segregants

Determination of genetic diversity in lentil germplasm based on quantitative traits

Genetic diversity present in a gene pool is an important determination for breeding programs and characterization is useful of building crop plant collections primarily based on the knowledge of the presence of valuable genes and traits. In Bangladesh, one of the most common problems in lentil is the narrow genetic base, which must be broadened to enhance production. So, a detailed morphological study based on quantitative traits was under taken to assess the genetic diversity in 110 lentil germplasm, including landraces, popular varieties, phenologically adapted exotic lines and selected advanced lines of lentil of diverse origin. The main aim was to identify superior genotypes to be used for future breeding program in Bangladesh. The experiments were carried out during 2006-07 and 2007-08 and eight quantitative characters were studied under international standard of characterization. The UPGMA dendrogram segregated lentil accessions into six clusters. Genotypes fell in different clusters irrespective of their origin and accessions. The accession from ICARDA gene bank showed high diversity. Group B3, B4 and F were important as they comprised accessions with higher yield per plant, higher number of pods per plant and higher number of seeds per pod separated by higher inter cluster distance, which warrant their use in the breeding program

Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin determination in chili pepper genotypes using ultra-fast liquid chromatography

Research was carried out to estimate the levels of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin that may be found in some heat tolerant chili pepper genotypes and to determine the degree of pungency as well as percentage capsaicin content of each of the analyzed peppers. A sensitive, precise, and specific ultra fast liquid chromatographic (UFLC) system was used for the separation, identification and quantitation of the capsaicinoids and the extraction solvent was acetonitrile. The method validation parameters, including linearity, precision, accuracy and recovery, yielded good results. Thus, the limit of detection was 0.045 µg/kg and 0.151 µg/kg for capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, respectively, whereas the limit of quantitation was 0.11 µg/kg and 0.368 µg/kg for capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin. The calibration graph was linear from 0.05 to 0.50 µg/g for UFLC analysis. The inter- and intra-day precisions (relative standard deviation) were <5.0% for capsaicin and <9.9% for dihydrocapsaicin while the average recoveries obtained were quantitative (89.4%–90.1% for capsaicin, 92.4%–95.2% for dihydrocapsaicin), indicating good accuracy of the UFLC method. AVPP0705, AVPP0506, AVPP0104, AVPP0002, C05573 and AVPP0805 showed the highest concentration of capsaicin (12,776, 5,828, 4,393, 4,760, 3,764 and 4,120 µg/kg) and the highest pungency level, whereas AVPP9703, AVPP0512, AVPP0307, AVPP0803 and AVPP0102 recorded no detection of capsaicin and hence were non-pungent. All chili peppers studied except AVPP9703, AVPP0512, AVPP0307, AVPP0803 and AVPP0102 could serve as potential sources of capsaicin. On the other hand, only genotypes AVPP0506, AVPP0104, AVPP0002, C05573 and AVPP0805 gave a % capsaicin content that falls within the pungency limit that could make them recommendable as potential sources of capsaicin for the pharmaceutical industry

Combining ability of pod yield and related traits of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under salinity stress

A study was performed using 6 × 6 F1 diallel population without reciprocals to assess the mode of inheritance of pod yield and related traits in groundnut with imposed salinity stress. Heterosis was found for pod number and yield. Data on general and specific combining ability (gca and sca) indicated additive and nonadditive gene actions. The gca: sca ratios were much less than unity suggesting predominant role of nonadditive gene effects. Cultivars "Binachinabadam-2" and "Dacca-1" and mutant M 6/25/64-82 had the highest, second highest, and third highest pod number, as well as gca values, respectively. These two cultivars and another mutant M6/15/70-19 also had the highest, second highest, and third highest pod yield, as well as gca values, respectively. Therefore, "Dacca-1", "Binachinabadam-2", M6/25/64-82, and M6/15/70-19 could be used as source of salinity tolerance. Cross combinations showing high sca effects arising from parents with high and low gca values for any trait indicate the influence of nonadditive genes on their expression. Parents of these crosses can be used for biparental mating or reciprocal recurrent selection for developing high yielding varieties. Crosses with high sca effects having both parents with good gca effects could be exploited by pedigree breeding to get transgressive segregants

Kemahiran generik dan pencapaian akademik dalam kalangan guru pelatih di Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti tahap kemahiran generik dalam kalangan guru pelatih di salah sebuah Institut Pendidikan Guru (IPG) di Malaysia. Seramai 104 orang guru pelatih semester akhir Program Ijazah Sarjana Muda Perguruan (PISMP) telah mengambil bahagian dalam kajian ini. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan soal selidik yang telah diadaptasi dari soal selidik kemahiran generik yang telah dibina oleh SCANS (2001), Mohd Sattar (2009), Kamarudin (2010), Kemahiran Insaniah (KPTM 2006) dan Rangka Kerja Kualiti Malaysia – MQA (2005). Antara pemboleh ubah yang dikaji ialah: (1) kemahiran komunikasi, (2) kemahiran pemikiran kritis dan penyelesaian masalah, (3) kemahiran kerja berpasukan, (4) pembelajaran berterusan dan pengurusan maklumat, (5) kemahiran kepimpinan, (6) moral dan etika dan (7) kemahiran keusahawanan. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan bahawa tahap kemahiran generik guru-guru pelatih adalah berada pada tahap sangat baik. Keputusan kajian juga menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang positif antara kemahiran generik dan pencapaian akademik guru pelatih. Selain itu, dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara kemahiran generik dan faktor jantina sebaliknya pula tiada perbezaan yang signifikan antara kemahiran generik dan faktor kaum. Kesimpulannya, kepentingan kerja berpasukan, kesediaan mengambil tanggungjawab dan pembelajaran secara kolaboratif merupakan antara aspek penting untuk pembelajaran yang berkesan dalam konteks ini yang perlu difikirkan oleh tenaga pengajar. Akhir sekali, kajian ini mencadangan beberapa inisiatif yang boleh dilakukan khususnya yang berkaitan dengan kemahiran generik untuk meningkatkan kebolehpasaran graduan